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. 2023 Feb 22;14:989. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36645-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a The element structure integrated with two PIN diodes, and the geometric parameters are designed as follows: a = 25 mm, b = 11.5 mm, c₁ = 6 mm, c₂ = 2.8 mm, h₁ = 3 mm, h₂ = 1 mm and d = 1.5 mm. b The bottom view of the coding element. c The transmission schematic for the presented metasurface structure, including four switching schemes with two diodes. d, e The reflected magnitude and phase responses of the coding element when the PIN diodes are switched on and off.