Table 1.
Stiffness values of living tissues at different scales
| Tissue | Modulus | Modulus value | Dimension | Test mode | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone | E | 1.28-1.97 GPa | Nanoscale | AFM | [36] |
| Bone | E | 10.4-20.7 GPa | Macroscale | USE, Micro-tensile | [29] |
| Cardiac muscle | E | 8 kPa | Macroscale | MRE, Tension | [84] |
| Cardiac muscle | G | 5-50 kPa | Macroscale | USE, MRE | [85] |
| I-LUlg | G | 0.84-1.5 kPa | Macroscale | MRE | [86,87] |
| I-Llng | E | 1.96 kPa | Nanoscale | AFM | [88] |
| Liver | E | 1.5-6.5 kPa | Macroscale | USE, Cyclic compression-relaxation | [89-91] |
| Liver | G | 2 kPa | Macroscale | MRE | [92,93] |
| Liver | E | 162-248 kPa | Macroscale | Probing (Entire organ) | [94] |
| Pancreas | E | 2.8 kPa | Macroscale | USE | [95] |
| Pancreas | G | 1.11 kPa | Macroscale | MRE | [96] |
| Kidney | E | 1-2 kPa | Nanoscale | Nanoindentation | [74] |
| Kidney | E | 35.3-68.9 kPa | Macroscale | Probing (Entire organ) | [94] |
Abbreviations: AFM, atomic force microscopy; E, elasticity modulus; G, shear modulus; MRE, magnetic resonance elastography; USE, ultrasonic elastography.