Table 2.
ROBINS-I judgment for each domain and overall.
| Study | Bias due to confounding | Bias due to the selection of participants | Bias due to exposure assessment | Bias due to misclassification during follow-up | Bias due to missing data | Bias due to measurement of the outcome | Bias due to selective reporting of the results | Overall judgment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hintikka et al. (34) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Kendler et al. (35) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Niu et al. (36) | Moderate | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Ruusunen et al. (37) | Serious | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Smith (38) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Chen et al. (39) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Lucas et al. (40) | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
| Feng et al. (41) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | No information | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Feng et al. (42) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Pham et al. (43) | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Tsai et al. (44) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Park and Moon (45) | Serious | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Omagari et al. (36) | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Guo et al. (46) | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Ritchie et al. (47) | Serious | Low | Serious | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Taher et al. (48) | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Li et al. (49) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Chanda et al. (50) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Yu et al. (51) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | No information | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Kim et al. (52) | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
| Navarro et al. (53) | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Pogoda et al. (54) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Iranpour et al. (55) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Kimura et al. (56) | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Ángeles Pérez-Ara et al. (57) | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Ng et al. (58) | Serious | Low | Serious | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Kromhout et al. (59) | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Safarini et al. (60) | Serious | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Yao et al. (61) | Serious | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |