Table 1.

Structural properties of fabricated micro/nanostructures in hemostatic applications

Hemostat fabrication process	Type of micro/ nanostructure	Structural properties	Mechanism of hemostasis	References
3D/4D printing, electrospinning, extrusion methods, stereolithography	Nanotube	High structural aspect ratio	• Plasma interaction	[155]
		High surface area	Plasma interaction Fluid adsorption	[39,61,156]
3D/4D printing, electrospinning, soft lithography	Micro/nanofiber	Small diameter	Physical mesh-like hemostatic barrier Platelet interaction Plasma interaction	[157-160]
		High structural aspect ratio	Platelet entrapment Red blood cell entrapment Blood component entrapment Mechanical strength inhibits blood loss Platelet adhesion	[7,60,90,161-164]
		High surface area	Drug delivery agent Platelet adsorption Plasma adsorption Red blood cell adsorption Fluid adsorption Intrinsic pathway activation promotes plasma coagulation	[7,37,161-163,165-167]
3D/4D printing, electrospinning, digital light processing	Micro/nanoparticle, Micro/nanosphere, Adhesive powder/gel	Small size	Drug delivery agent Tissue adhesion Platelet adsorption Plasma adsorption	[140,168-171]
		High surface area	Drug delivery agent Platelet adsorption Plasma adsorption Plasma coagulation Red blood cell adsorption Ion-induced platelet activation	[131,172-175]