| Fibrin glue |
InjectableZHyaluronan conjugate with inorganic polyphosphate (HA-PolyP) |
Mouse liver bleeding model |
<5 minutes |
Hemostatic efficiency similar to fibrin glue |
None |
Initiation of contact pathway of blood coagulation cascade, increased coagulation factor V activation, fibrin clot stabilization, promotion of factor XI feedback activation by thrombin |
[229] |
| Fibrin glue |
Injectable/Glycosylated catechol- and glucose-grafted poly(L-ly-sine) hydrogel |
Liver hemorrhage model of SD male rat |
<20 seconds |
Strong tissue adhesion, good injectability, irregular shape filling ability, high performance hemostasis (outperforming fibrin glue), wound healing |
Non-glycosylation leads to compromised biocompatibility |
Hydrogel induced sealing of wound site by wet adhesion, higher absorption of RBCs and platelets |
[186] |
| Fibrin sealant and floseal |
InjectableZPotassium aluminum sulfate (PA) and calcium chloride (Ca) entrapped chitosan based composite hydrogel (Cs-PA-Ca) |
Rat liver and femoral artery hemorrhage model |
Cs-PA-Ca (20 ± 10 seconds, 105 ± 31 seconds), Fibrin sealant (77 ± 26 seconds, 204 ± 58 seconds), Floseal (76 ±15 seconds, 218 ± 46 seconds) |
Faster blood clot formation over commercial hemostats |
Material retention even after 8-weeks post-surgery |
Accelerated pIateletZRBC aggregation, activation of the coagulation cascade |
[230] |
| Gelatin sponge |
Subcutaneous implan- tationZ chitin-glucan composite sponge |
Rat femoral artery, non-compressive liver puncture injury model |
<60 seconds |
Higher hemostatic efficiency over commercial hemostat, robust mechanical property, blood triggered shape memory |
None |
RBC aggregation, accelerated collagen synthesis, and new blood vessel formation |
[231] |
| Surgicel, Curaspon |
Chitosan loaded β-cyclodextrin polyester (CDPE-Cs) hydrogel |
Liver punch biopsy model in rats, rabbits, pigs |
- |
Higher hemostatic efficiency than commercial hemostats |
- |
- |
[232] |
| ChitoGauzeeXR and Spongostan™ |
Graphene oxide (GO)Z chitosan (CS)Z gelatin (GEL)Z polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based aerogel |
Rat tail amputation model |
Coagulation up to 95% within 240 seconds |
Faster hemostasis over commercial hemostat by -4-5 times |
None |
Activation of erythrocytes and platelets on the aerogel surface |
[233] |
| Celox® |
Iota-CarrageenanZxylo- glucanZserine powder incorporate with tranexamic acid (IC:XYL:SER:TA-x%) |
Rat tail amputation model |
IC:XYL: SER:TA-2%: 136.2 ± 14.0 seconds Celox® : 129.4 ± 18.9 seconds |
Hemostatic efficiency comparable to Celox®, Light weight, easy to use, antibacterial, antioxidative, promising alternative for controlling external bleeding |
Hemostasis performance in large mammals might be advantageous |
Enhanced adhesion of RBC |
[234] |
