TABLE 2A.

Change of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell inner-plexiform layer in related to myopic tilted disc in myopic eyes.

References	Study subjects	Mean age (mean ± SD) (years)	Images	Definitions of disc tilt, tilt angle, and disc torsion	Main outcomes
RNFL defect
Kimura et al. (19)	61 Highly myopic and 55 non-highly myopic eyes with early VF defect.	High myopia: 44.7 ± 11.3, Non-high myopia: 55.5 ± 12.8	Fundus photograph	Disc tilt: ratio of disc diameter = shortest/longest.	Tilted disc was significantly associated with the nearest RNFL defect within papillomacular bundle. (OR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.13–6.61).
RNFL and GCIPL distribution
Hwang et al. (5)	93 Myopic eyes	21.04 ± 1.40	Fundus photograph, OCT	Tilt angle: The degree of optic disc tile was defined as the angle between the lines connecting the BMO and the imaginary horizontal line. Disc torsion: Deviation of the longest axis of the optic disc from the perpendicular meridian.	Eyes with tilted disc had thicker temporal RNFL and more temporally positioned superior/inferior peak locations than eyes without tilted disc. Eyes with disc rotation (torsion) had thicker temporal RNFL and a more temporally positioned superior peak location than eyes without disc rotation (torsion).
Ilhan et al. (6)	185 Myopic eyes and 122 healthy controls	48.8 ± 16.3	OCT	Disc tilt: The OCT images were evaluated to determine the presence of a tilted optic disc according to the presence of oblique orientation of the vertical axis, the elevation of the superotemporal neuroretinal rim, and inferonasal crescent.	For eyes with high myopia, the superior quadrant of the peripapillary RNFL was significantly thinner in eyes with disc tilt than eyes without disc tilt.
Fan et al. (7)	3,037 Eyes from healthy individuals	64.6 ± 9.8	OCT	Disc torsion: Vertical optic disc rotation: angle between BM line and the OCT image line on OCT scans running horizontally through the optic disc. Horizontal optic disc rotation: angle between BM line and the OCT image line on OCT scans running vertically through the optic disc.	Larger horizontal optic disc rotation was associated with thinner superior nasal RNFL thickness and thicker inferior nasal RNFL thickness.
Lee et al. (8)	94 Eyes with optic disc torsion and 114 eyes without optic disc torsion	Optic disc torsion: 48.29 ± 13.64, Without optic disc torsion: 50.59 ± 13.02	Fundus photograph	Disc tilt: Ratio of disc diameter = shortest/longest. Disc torsion: Deviation of the longest axis of the optic disc from the perpendicular meridian.	Eyes with inferotemporal optic disc torsion have significantly thicker temporal RNFL and had more temporally positioned superior peak of RNFL than eyes with superonasal optic disc torsion or eyes without disc torsion. The GCIPL thickness at all segments was unaffected by disc torsion direction.
Sung et al. (9)	220 Myopic eyes	27.94 ± 6.67	Fundus photograph	Disc tilt: Ratio of disc diameter = longest/shortest Disc torsion: Deviation of the longest axis of the optic disc from the perpendicular meridian.	Eyes with inferior rotation (torsion) of optic disc showed thinner pRNFL and mGCIPL thickness in general compared with eyes with superior rotation (torsion).

VF, visual field; RNLF, retinal nerve fiber layer; NTG, normal tension glaucoma; OCT, optical coherence tomography; BMO, Bruch’s membrane opening; ONH, optic nerve head; IOP, intraocular pressure; CDR, cup disc ratio; OR, odd ratio; OAG, open angle glaucoma; POAG, primary open angle glaucoma; BM, Bruch’s membrane; GCIPL, ganglion cell inner-plexiform layer; pRNFL, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer; mGCIPL, macular ganglion cell inner-plexiform layer.