Table 3.

Impacts of salinity stress on some major crops.

Crop	Effect	Reference
Rice	Excessive accumulation of Na+ ion in the root, reduction in the plant root and shoot growth, fresh weight, poor development of spikelets and panicle sterility, and loss of grain yield	Kazemi and Eskandari, 2011; Hussain et al., 2017; Munns, 2002; Hussain et al., 2019
Wheat	Decrease in seed germination, reductions in the growth and development of shoot and roots, leaves, and cells, decreases in ion transfer, gaseous exchange, decrease in the photosynthetic ratio and yield loss	Wahid et al., 2006; Motos et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017
Maize	Hampered seed germination, decrease in shoot growth, necrosis	Khodarahmpour et al., 2012; Farooq et al., 2015
Sorghum	Mineral deficiency, ion toxicity, decrease in plant stem yield and photosynthates	Netondo et al., 2004; Almodares et al., 2014
Cotton	Leaf area reduced, reduced plant growth, root and shoot growth, decreases in photosynthetic activity, Fiber quality, metabolic activities, decrease in fiber quality	Muhammad et al., 2018; Hussain et al., 2019
Coconut palm	Reduction in CO2 permeability, photosynthetic inhibition,	Gomes and Prado, 2007
Medicago truncatula	Damaged Photosystem II, reduction in photosynthesis rate, inhibition of gaseous exchange	Najar et al., 2018