TABLE 1.
Mechanism of miRNA regulating TGF signaling pathway.
| Type | ncRNA | Sample sources | Dysregulation in MF | Pathway | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNA | miR-130a | Infarcted myocardium and hypoxic CFs of mouse | Downregulated | TGFβR1、TGF-β/Smad | Inhibition the conversion of CFs to myofibroblasts | Feng et al. (2022) |
| miRNA | miR-328 | MI mouse hearts and CFs | Upregulated | TGFβRIII、TGF-β1 | Promoting the collagen production | Du et al. (2016) |
| miRNA | miR-21 | MI mouse myocardial tissue and AngII-treated CFs | Upregulated | TGF-β、Smad2/3、Spry1 | Inhibition the conversion of CFs to myofibroblasts | Li et al. (2020a) |
| miRNA | miR-205-3p | MI patients | Downregulated | TGF-β1 | Inhibited the TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibroblast fibrosis | Qiao et al. (2021) |
| miRNA | miR-323a-3p | The transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac tissues and the Ang II-treated rat CFs | Upregulated | TGF-β、MMP2 、MMP9 | Enhanced the cardiac fibrosis | Zhang et al. (2018a) |
| miRNA | miR-26a | Plasma and myocardial tissue of hypertensive MF rats | Downregulated | EZH2/p21 pathway、CTGF、 Smad4 | Reducing collagen production and ECM deposition, and inhibiting CFs proliferation | Zhang et al. (2020a) |
| miRNA | miR-29b | AngII-induced fibrotic hearts and CFs | Downregulated | TGF-β/Smad3 | Prevent AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction | Zhang et al. (2014) |
| AF rat atrial tissues | Downregulated | TGFβRI、Smad2/3 | Atrial fibrosis and AF in rats can be attenuated | Han et al. (2022) | ||
| miRNA | miR-195-5p | DCM rat myocardium and HG-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells | Upregulated | TGF-β/Smad | Mediate the process of cardiac fibrosis in DCM | Ding et al. (2021) |
| miRNA | miR-21 | the myocardium of Type I diabetic (T1DM) mice | Upregulated | Smad2/3、Smad7 | Inhibiting EndMT activation and MF | Li et al. (2020b) |
| miRNA | miR-10a | AF rat models and CFs | Upregulated | TGF-β1/Smads | Inhibiting the collagen formation and reduce atrial structural remodelling | Li et al. (2019a) |
| miRNA | miR-135b | AF patients, isoproterenol (ISO)-induced rat models and rat cardiac fibroblasts | Downregulated | TGF-βR1、TGF-βR2 、 Smad2 | Anti-atrial fibrosis | Wang et al. (2021a) |
| miRNA | miR-1202 | human CFs | Upregulated | TGF-β1/Smad2/3 | Activating CFs proliferation, differentiation, and collagen synthesis | Xiao et al. (2021) |
| miRNA | miR-29a | HCM patients | Upregulated | TGFβ、ELN | Suppressing the process of cardiac fibrosis | Roncarati et al. (2014) |
| miRNA | miR-675 | Mouse myocardial tissue and CFs | Downregulated | TGFβR1 | Remodelling and the proliferation of mouse CFs | Wang et al. (2019a) |
| miRNA | miRNA-663 | Endomyocardial myocardial biopsies from patients with MF | Downregulated | TGF-β1 | Inhibit myocardial fibrosis | Wu et al. (2019) |
| miRNA | miR-30c | AAC model rats and in the TGF-β1-stimulated rat CFs | Downregulated | TGFβRII、TGF-β1 | Inhibited TGF-β1-induced proliferation, differentiation, migration, and ECM synthesis in CFs | Xu et al. (2018) |
| miRNA | miR-210-5p | NRCFs | Downregulated | TGFβR1 | Attenuating CFs activation and ameliorating cardiac fibrosis | Zhao et al. (2021) |
| miRNA | miR-208b and miR-21 | AMI patients | Upregulated | TGF-β1/Smad-3 | Promotes the development of cardiac fibrosis | Zhang et al. (2022a) |
| miRNA | miR-216a | HCFs | Upregulated | TGF-βRI、Smad2、Smad7 | Reduced collagen production and the a-SMA protein expression | Tao et al. (2019) |
| miRNA | miR-30a-5p | Myocardial tissue and HG-treated CFs of DM rats | Downregulated | Smad2 | Delaying the progression of MF in diabetic cardiomyopathy | Yang and Zhao (2022) |
| miRNA | miR-150-5p | High glucose-treated cardiac fibroblasts | Upregulated | TGFβ1、IL-1β、NF-κB | Ameliorating HG-induced CFs injury | Che et al. (2020a) |
| miRNA | miR-327 | TAC-induced cardiac fibrotic tissue and Ang II-induced cardiac fibroblasts | Upregulated | ERK1/2、p38MAPK、JNK | Attenuating TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis | Ji et al. (2018) |
| miRNA | miR-143-3p | Human and animal myocardial infarcted hearts | Upregulated | ERK、JNK、p38MAPK | Regulates the biological functions of HCFs such as proliferation, migration, and transformation | Li et al. (2019b) |
| miRNA | miR-223 | Activated fibroblasts | Upregulated | RASA1、MEK1/2、ERK1/2、AKT | Aggravating MF after MI | Liu et al. (2018a) |
| miRNA | miR-378 | Mouse TAC models | Downregulated | MKK6、p38MAPK 、 Smad2/3 | Uppressing the pressure overload-induced cardiac Fibrosis | Yuan et al. (2018) |
| miRNA | miR-1468-3p | Senescent healthy hearts and the patients with sudden cardiac death suffering from primary MF | Upregulated | TGF-β1、p38 | Enhance the cellular senescence and collagen deposition | Lin et al. (2020) |
| miRNA | miR-34a | Rat model of doxorubicin toxicity | Upregulated | NF-κB、IL-6、TNF-α | Reduce the collagen deposition | Piegari et al. (2020) |
| miRNA | miR-1-5p | PAH rat | Downregulated | TGF-βR1 | Inhibition of PAH-induced cardiac fibrosis | Connolly et al. (2020) |
| miRNA | miR-325-3p | PAH rat | Upregulated | MMP2/9、HE4 | Inhibited the fibrosis of cardiac fibroblasts | Tang et al. (2022) |
| miRNA | miR-1 | PAH rat | Upregulated | collagen I、collagen III、α-SMA、CTGF、PI3K、AKT | Inhibit right ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis | Liu et al. (2021a) |