TABLE 2.

Mechanism of lncRNA regulating TGF signaling pathway.

Type	ncRNA	Sample sources	Dysregulation in MF	Pathway	Effects	References
lncRNA	lncRNA H19	AF patients and CFs	Downregulated	miR-29a/b-3p、VEGFA、TGF-β	Inhibit CFs proliferation and collagen production	Guo et al. (2022)
		Fibrous tissue and activated CFs in heart	Upregulated	DUSP5、ERK1/2	Contributes to cardiac fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis	Tao et al. (2016)
lncRNA	lncRNA HOXA11-AS	Mouse CFs	Upregulated	TGFβ1	Enhanced the proliferation and migration of CFs by increasing TGFβ1 activity	Wang et al. (2019b)
lncRNA	lncRNA FAF	Ang-induced rat heart tissue and CFs	Downregulated	Smad2/3	Inhibiting collagen production and cardiac fibrosis	Sun et al. (2020)
lncRNA	lncRNA MHRT	TGF-β1-treated mouse heart tissues and CFs	Upregulated	miR-3185	Enhancing MF after MI	Lang et al. (2021)
lncRNA	LncRNA Vgll3	Mouse CFs	Upregulated	TGF-β3、Smad2、Smad4	Accelerating the development of cardiac fibrosis	Liu et al. (2022a)
lncRNA	lncRNA NEAT1	HF patients and TAC-induced HF mouse models	Upregulated	Smad2/3、smad7	Reversed the cardiac fibrosis	Zhang et al. (2020b)
lncRNA	lncRNA Cfast	MI mouse heart tissue	Upregulated	COTL1、TRAP1、Smad2/Smad4	Protected from pathological fibrotic remodelling and improved the cardiac function	Zhang et al. (2020c)
lncRNA	LncRNA CRNDE	Human and mouse heart tissue	Upregulated	TGF-β/Smad3	Inhibits the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts	Zheng et al. (2019)
lncRNA	LncRNA MIAT	MI mouse model	Upregulated	miR-24、Furin、TGF-β1	Inhibits the collagen production and CFs proliferation	Qi et al. (2020)
lncRNA	LncRNA MALAT1	Diabetic mice and HG-induced fibroblasts	Upregulated	miR-141、Smad2/3、NLRP3、caspase-1、IL-18、IL-1β	Inhibit cardiac fibrosis	Che et al. (2020b)
lncRNA	lncRNA 554	Cytoplasm and nucleus of the MI-induced cardiac fibroblasts	Upregulated	GF-β1、Smad3	Attenuated MF and improved cardiac function in MI mice	Luo et al. (2020)
lncRNA	lncRNA Ang362	MI-induced cardiac fibrosis rats and CFs	Upregulated	Smad7、TGF-β1	accelerating the development of cardiac fibrosis	Chen et al. (2020a)
lncRNA	LINC00961	Injury and EndMT in HCMECs induced by TGF-β	Downregulated	PTEN、PI3K、AKT、mTOR	Inhibit endothelial interstitial transformation and myocardial fibrosis	Hu et al. (2022)
lncRNA	lncRNA CFAR	MI-induced fibrotic mouse model and TGF-β-induced fibrotic cell model	Upregulated	miR-449a-5p、LOXL3、mTOR	Promote cardiac fibrosis	Zhang et al. (2022b)
lncRNA	lncRNA GAS5	Fibrous tissue and activated CFs in heart	Downregulated	miR-21、PTEN、MMP2	Inhibit cardiac fibrosis	Tao et al. (2017)
lncRNA	Linc00092	Heart tissue and heart CFs	Downregulated	TGFβ1、ERK	Attenuate HCF activation by suppressing glycolysis	Chen et al. (2020b)
lncRNA	lncRNA-HCG18	HCFs	Upregulated	miR-133a、ERK、EGFR	Inhibit the cell proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts	Shi et al. (2022)
lncRNA	LINC00636	CFs and exosomes isolated from the PF of nAF patients	Upregulated	miR-450a-2-3p、MAPK1	Improve cardiac fibrosis in patients with atrial fibrillation	Liu et al. (2021b)