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. 2023 Feb 8;7:e43175. doi: 10.2196/43175

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©Xiang Gao, Liam Humberstone, Yatao Liu. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 08.02.2023.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Formative Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://formative.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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(A) The distribution of PR-ENDS nicotine emission. Comparison of nicotine emission (mg/puff) by (B) device power, (C) e-liquid nicotine concentration, (D) cigarette smoking history, and (E) ENDS use history. The line represents average value, and the error bar represents SD. ENDS: electronic nicotine delivery system.