Table 1. Baseline Characteristics, Preoperative Management, and Postoperative Mortality Stratified by Time Before and After BPA Initiation.
| No. (%) | P valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 50 463) | Before BPA (n = 22 722) | After BPA (n = 27 741) | ||
| Baseline demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 56.7 (16.0) | 56.5 (16.1) | 56.9 (15.9) | .004 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 21 373 (42.4) | 9684 (42.6) | 11 689 (42.1) | .27 |
| Female | 29 090 (57.6) | 13 038 (57.4) | 16 052 (57.9) | |
| Race | ||||
| Black | 4545 (9.0) | 2029 (8.9) | 2516 (9.1) | <.001 |
| White | 44 238 (87.7) | 19 827 (87.3) | 24 411 (88.0) | |
| Otherb | 1680 (3.3) | 866 (3.8) | 814 (2.9) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Not specified | 3428 (6.8) | 1642 (7.2) | 1786 (6.4) | .002 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 329 (0.7) | 152 (0.7) | 177 (0.6) | |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 46 706 (92.5) | 20 928 (92.1) | 25 778 (92.9) | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 29.3 (6.0) | 29.2 (5.9) | 29.3 (5.9) | .14 |
| RAI score, median (IQR)c | 21 (14-30) | 20 (13-29) | 21 (15-31) | <.001 |
| Frail patients (RAI ≥42) | 2444 (4.8) | 1077 (4.7) | 1367 (4.9) | .73 |
| Operative management and outcomes | ||||
| OSSd | ||||
| 1 | 3013 (8.1) | 1247 (7.5) | 1766 (8.6) | <.001 |
| 2 | 20 257 (54.5) | 8947 (54.1) | 11 310 (54.8) | |
| 3 | 12 639 (34.0) | 5738 (34.7) | 6901 (33.4) | |
| 4 | 1241 (3.3) | 590 (3.6) | 651 (3.2) | |
| 5 | 42 (0.1) | 21 (0.1) | 21 (0.1) | |
| RVU, median (IQR) | 11.4 (6.5-17.6) | 11.5 (6.6-17.5) | 11.2 (6.4-17.6) | .02 |
| Mortality | ||||
| 30-d | 390 (0.8) | 193 (0.9) | 197 (0.7) | .08 |
| 180-d | 1173 (2.3) | 578 (2.5) | 595 (2.1) | .003 |
| 365-d | 1797 (3.6) | 878 (3.9) | 919 (3.3) | .001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BPA, Best Practice Advisory; OSS, Operative Stress Score; RAI, Risk Analysis Index of Frailty; RVU, relative value unit.
P values are from the Kruskal-Wallis rank test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables and from the likelihood ratio χ2 test for categorical variables.
Other race includes Alaska Native, American Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Guam/Chamorro, Hawaiian, Indian (Asian), Japanese, Korean, other Asian, Other Pacific Islander, Samoan, Vietnamese, other, declined, and not specified. None of these was large enough to justify independent analysis.
Scores range from 0-81, with higher scores indicating increased frailty.
Scores range from 1 (very low stress) to 5 (very high stress).