TABLE 5.

Hierarchical logistic regression models for the associations of emotional intelligence, gender, household income and financial support with depression characterized as having abnormal DAS score for depression (Emotional Intelligence, Depression, Stress and Anxiety Amongst Undergraduate Dental Students during COVID-19 Pandemic (Malaysia, 2019–2021).

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Emotional Intelligence
High	1	1	1	1
Low	7.06 (3.72–13.41)**	7.23 (3.80–13.77)**	7.29 (3.82–13.94)**	7.29 (3.80–13.99)**
Moderate	2.12 (1.22–3.67)*	2.16 (1.25–3.73)*	2.16 (1.25–3.75)*	2.21 (1.27–3.85)*
Gender
Male		1	1	1
Female		1.38 (0.93–2.04)	1.39 (0.94–2.07)	1.45 (0.97–2.16)
Household income
>RM13,148			1	1
≤RM 3000			0.89 (0.45–1.45)	0.93 (0.56–1.54)
RM3001–RM6274			1.07 (0.65–1.75)	1.08 (0.66–1.80)
RM6275–RM13,148			0.99 (0.63–1.59)	1.01 (0.63–1.61)
Financial support
Self funding				1
Scholarship				0.63 (0.44–0.91)*
Loan				1.07 (0.70–1.66)

*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.001.

Model 1: Emotional Inteligence.

Model 2: Variables in model 1 plus gender.

Model 3: Variables in model 2 plus household income.

Model 4: Variables in model 3 plus financial support.