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. 2023 Feb 23;30(18):51726–51739. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-25904-x

Table 8.

Westerlund and Kao residual cointegration tests

t-Statistic Prob
ADF  − 3.724*** 0.000
Residual variance 0.000
HAC variance 0.001
Westerlund cointegration
Variance ratio  − 4.121*** 0.000

***, **, and * denote the significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively