Table 2.
Baseline and clinical characteristics of 194 hospitalized children with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
| Characteristics | Total N = 194 | CSPA N = 97 | CRPA N = 97 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Male gender | 118 (60.8) | 58 (59.8) | 60 (61.9) | 0.883 |
| Age (days) | 210 (82–735) | 180 (60–615) | 210 (91–960) | 0.212 |
| Age distribution | ||||
| < 3 months | 51 (26.3) | 28 (28.9) | 23 (23.7) | 0.514 |
| 3–5.9 months | 29 (14.9) | 16 (16.5) | 13 (13.4) | 0.688 |
| 6–11.9 months | 42 (21.6) | 19 (19.6) | 23 (23.7) | 0.601 |
| 12 months to 3 years | 30 (15.5) | 16 (16.5) | 14 (14.4) | 0.843 |
| ≥3 years | 41 (21.1) | 18 (18.6) | 23 (23.7) | 0.482 |
| Prematurity | 28 (14.4) | 9 (9.3) | 19 (19.6) | 0.065 |
| Birth weight (g) | ||||
| ≥2,500 g | 138 (71.1) | 83 (85.6) | 55 (56.7) | < 0.001 |
| 1,500–2,499 g | 25 (12.9) | 10 (10.3) | 15 (15.5) | 0.392 |
| 1,000–1,499 g | 7 (3.6) | 2 (2.1) | 5 (5.2) | 0.444 |
| < 1,000 g | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) | 1.000 |
| Vaginal delivery | 102 (52.6) | 58 (59.8) | 44 (45.4) | 0.061 |
| Breast nursing | 110 (56.7) | 64 (66.0) | 46 (47.4) | 0.014 |
| First child | 97 (50.0) | 53 (54.6) | 44 (45.4) | 0.251 |
| Intrapartum asphyxia | 16 (8.2) | 5 (5.2) | 11 (11.3) | 0.191 |
| Specimen type | ||||
| Sputum | 163 (84.0) | 86 (88.7) | 77 (79.4) | 0.116 |
| Blood | 14 (7.2) | 5 (5.2) | 9 (9.3) | 0.406 |
| Urine | 6 (3.1) | 4 (4.1) | 2 (2.1) | 0.683 |
| Others | 10 (5.2) | 2 (2.1) | 8 (8.2) | 0.100 |
| Clinical symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 58 (29.9) | 30 (30.9) | 28 (28.9) | 0.875 |
| Icterus | 17 (8.8) | 12 (12.4) | 5 (5.2) | 0.126 |
| Vomiting | 10 (5.2) | 6 (6.2) | 4 (4.1) | 0.747 |
| Diarrhea | 12 (6.2) | 8 (8.2) | 4 (4.1) | 0.372 |
| Apnea | 14 (7.2) | 4 (4.1) | 10 (10.3) | 0.163 |
| Complications/underlying disease | ||||
| Severe pneumonia | 38 (19.6) | 14 (14.4) | 24 (24.7) | 0.103 |
| Respiratory failure | 14 (7.2) | 4 (4.1) | 10 (10.3) | 0.163 |
| Septic shock | 21 (10.8) | 9 (9.3) | 12 (12.4) | 0.645 |
| Congenital heart disease | 24 (12.4) | 12 (12.4) | 12 (12.4) | 1.000 |
| Hypoproteinemia | 10 (5.2) | 2 (2.1) | 8 (8.2) | 0.100 |
| Anemia | 26 (13.4) | 11 (11.3) | 15 (15.5) | 0.528 |
| Leukemia | 15 (7.7) | 7 (7.2) | 8 (8.2) | 1.000 |
| Length of hospitalization (days) | ||||
| < 7 | 7 (3.6) | 6 (6.2) | 1 (1.0) | 0.118 |
| 7–13 | 27 (13.9) | 18 (18.6) | 9 (9.3) | 0.096 |
| 14–28 | 69 (35.6) | 45 (46.4) | 24 (24.7) | 0.003 |
| >28 | 91 (46.9) | 28 (28.9) | 63 (64.9) | < 0.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| 28-day mortality | 5 (2.6) | 4 (4.1) | 1 (1.0) | 0.368 |
| Hospital mortality | 12 (6.2) | 4 (4.1) | 8 (8.2) | 0.372 |
| Laboratory index | ||||
| Hemoglobin < 110 g/L | 86 (44.3) | 47 (48.5) | 39 (40.2) | 0.312 |
| Hemoglobin < 90 g/L | 54 (27.8) | 26 (26.8) | 28 (28.9) | 0.873 |
| C-reactive protein >8 mg/L | 112 (57.7) | 59 (60.8) | 53 (54.6) | 0.468 |
| Albumin < 35 g/L | 82 (42.3) | 37 (38.1) | 45 (46.4) | 0.309 |
| Neutrophile >70% | 70 (36.1) | 31 (32.0) | 39 (40.2) | 0.295 |
| Neutrophile < 50% | 57 (29.4) | 28 (28.9) | 29 (29.9) | 1.000 |
| Lymphocyte >40% | 54 (27.8) | 27 (27.8) | 27 (27.8) | 1.000 |
| Lymphocyte < 20% | 74 (38.1) | 34 (35.1) | 40 (41.2) | 0.460 |
| Platelet < 100 × 109/L | 46 (23.7) | 21 (21.6) | 25 (25.8) | 0.613 |
| WBC >15.0 × 109/L | 46 (23.7) | 25 (25.8) | 21 (21.6) | 0.613 |
| ALT >69 U/L | 36 (18.6) | 14 (14.4) | 22 (22.7) | 0.196 |
| ALT < 13 U/L | 24 (12.4) | 13 (13.4) | 11 (11.3) | 0.828 |
| Urea < 3.2 mmol/L | 58 (29.9) | 30 (30.9) | 28 (28.9) | 0.875 |
| Urea >7.1 mmol/L | 39 (20.1) | 20 (20.6) | 19 (19.6) | 1.000 |
| Creatinine < 9 μmol/L | 5 (2.6) | 1 (1.0) | 4 (4.1) | 0.368 |
| Creatinine >88 μmol/L | 7 (3.6) | 2 (2.1) | 5 (5.2) | 0.444 |
| AST < 15 U/L | 2 (1.0) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.497 |
| AST >46 U/L | 106 (54.6) | 53 (54.6) | 53 (54.6) | 1.000 |
| Pathogenies co-infections | ||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 19 (9.8) | 11 (11.3) | 8 (8.2) | 0.630 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 22 (11.3) | 7 (7.2) | 15 (15.5) | 0.111 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 8 (4.1) | 3 (3.1) | 5 (5.2) | 0.721 |
| Escherichia coli | 5 (2.6) | 3 (3.1) | 2 (2.1) | 1.000 |
| Virus | 10 (5.2) | 3 (3.1) | 7 (7.2) | 0.331 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Previous antibiotic therapy (within 30 days) | ||||
| 3rd cephalosporins | 121 (62.4) | 63 (64.9) | 58 (59.8) | 0.553 |
| Carbapenems | 84 (43.3) | 41 (42.3) | 43 (44.3) | 0.885 |
| Glycopeptides | 65 (33.5) | 31 (32.0) | 34 (35.1) | 0.761 |
| Aminoglycosides | 23 (11.7) | 12 (12.4) | 11 (11.1) | 0.827 |
| Penicillins | 21 (10.8) | 11 (11.3) | 10 (10.3) | 1.000 |
| Macrolides | 23 (11.9) | 12 (12.4) | 11 (11.3) | 1.000 |
| Tetracyclines | 9 (4.6) | 4 (4.1) | 5 (5.2) | 1.000 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 16 (8.2) | 4 (4.1) | 12 (12.4) | 0.065 |
| Antifungal agents | 35 (17.9) | 15 (15.5) | 20 (20.2) | 0.457 |
| Blood transfusion (within 30 days) | 36 (18.6) | 6 (6.2) | 30 (30.9) | < 0.001 |
| Corticosteroid therapy (within 30 days) | 6 (3.1) | 4 (4.1) | 2 (2.1) | 0.683 |
| Invasive operation (within 30 days) | 102 (52.6) | 36 (37.1) | 66 (68.0) | < 0.001 |
| Tracheal intubation | 92 (47.4) | 33 (34.0) | 59 (60.8) | < 0.001 |
| Gastric intubation | 10 (5.2) | 4 (4.1) | 6 (6.2) | 0.747 |
| Retention catheterization | 7 (3.6) | 2 (2.1) | 5 (5.2) | 0.444 |
| Deep venipuncture catheterization | 16 (8.2) | 4 (4.1) | 12 (12.4) | 0.065 |
| Parenteral nutrition | 20 (10.3) | 6 (6.2) | 14 (14.4) | 0.096 |
| Previous surgery (within 3 months) | 91 (46.9) | 47 (48.5) | 44 (45.4) | 0.774 |
| Hospitalization expenses | 122,725 (70,536–196,748) | 99,154 (54,564–149,504) | 163,700 (86,153–334,968) | < 0.001 |
CRPA, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; CSPA, carbapenem-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ALT, Alanine transaminase; WBC, white blood cell.
Bold values indicate significant p-values < 0.05.