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. 2023 Feb 9;10:1042522. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1042522

TABLE 3.

Association of calcium (Ca) and depression among participants in the NHANESa 2007–2016 (N = 14,971).

Variable Model I P-value Model II P-value Model III P-value Model IV P-value
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Calcium (1,000 mg/day) 0.72 (0.63∼0.81) <0.001 0.77 (0.68∼0.88) <0.001 0.8 (0.71∼0.91) 0.001 0.82 (0.70∼0.95) 0.011
Subgroup (mg/day)
Q1b (n = 3,576) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
Q2c (n = 3,692) 0.72 (0.61∼0.85) <0.001 0.73 (0.62∼0.87) <0.001 0.76 (0.64∼0.9) <0.001 0.83 (0.69∼0.99) 0.035
Q3d (n = 3,846) 0.65 (0.55∼0.77) <0.001 0.67 (0.57∼0.79) <0.001 0.7 (0.59∼0.83) <0.001 0.79 (0.65∼0.95) 0.012
Q4e (n = 3,857) 0.64 (0.54∼0.76) <0.001 0.71 (0.6∼0.84) <0.001 0.75 (0.63∼0.89) <0.001 0.80 (0.63∼0.98) 0.019
Trend.test <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.014

Calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed.

Model I: no adjusted. Model II: adjusted for age + sex.

Model III: model II + hypertension + diabetes + cardiovascular disease (CVD) + cancer/malignancy.

Model IV: model III + race/ethnicity + education + marital status + poverty to income ratio (PIR) + body mass index (BMI) + smoking status + drinking status + activity + carbohydrates intake + caffeine intake + total energy intake + serum Ca + serum vitamins D + Ca supplement.

NHANESa, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Q1b, Ca intake is less than or equal to 534 mg/day.

Q2c, Ca intake ranges from greater than or equal to 535 and less than 817 mg/day.

Q3d, Ca intake ranges from greater than or equal to 818 and less than 1,190 mg/day.

Q4e, Ca intake ranges from greater than or equal to 1,191 mg/day.