. 2023 Feb 9;10:1042522. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1042522

TABLE 4.

Association between depression and calcium (Ca) intake in subgroups.

Subgroups	Case/Participants (%)	Crude OR^a (95% CI^b)	p	Adjust OR (95% CI)	p	P for interaction
Age (years)						0.235
≥18 < 25	118/1,529 (7.7)	0.67 (0.47∼0.96)	0.029	0.71 (0.44∼1.14)	0.153
≥25 < 50	528/6,846 (7.7)	0.64 (0.53∼0.76)	<0.001	0.83 (0.66∼1.05)	0.125
≥50	498/6,596 (7.6)	0.84 (0.69∼1.03)	0.09	0.84 (0.66∼1.07)	0.164
Sex						0.113
Male	428/7,817 (5.5)	0.72 (0.59∼0.86)	<0.001	0.72 (0.58∼0.91)	0.006
Female	716/7,154 (10.0)	0.85 (0.72∼1.01)	0.068	0.91 (0.73∼1.13)	0.400
Race/Ethnicity						0.001
Mexican American	162/2,108 (7.7)	0.54 (0.39∼0.76)	<0.001	0.56 (0.36∼0.88)	0.011
Other Hispanic	147/1,466 (10.0)	0.49 (0.33∼0.71)	<0.001	0.6 (0.37∼0.97)	0.037
Non-Hispanic white	501/6,942 (7.2)	0.69 (0.57∼0.83)	<0.001	0.79 (0.63∼1.00)	0.052
Non-Hispanic black	247/2,911 (8.5)	0.93 (0.7∼1.23)	0.607	0.95 (0.66∼1.37)	0.784
Other races	87/1,544 (5.6)	1.56 (1.04∼2.34)	0.031	1.9 (1.10∼3.29)	0.022
Alcohol drinking						0.532
No	278/3,653 (7.6)	0.76 (0.59∼0.99)	0.045	0.82 (0.58∼1.15)	0.254
Yes	866/11,318 (7.7)	0.70 (0.61∼0.81)	<0.001	0.81 (0.68∼0.97)	0.021
Smoking status						0.344
Never	449/8,323 (5.4)	0.8 (0.66∼0.97)	0.026	0.88 (0.69∼1.12)	0.311
Former	246/3,582 (6.9)	0.72 (0.55∼0.94)	0.017	0.71 (0.50∼1.00)	0.050
Now	449/3,066 (14.6)	0.70 (0.57∼0.85)	<0.001	0.78 (0.60∼1.02)	0.065
BMI^c						0.383
Under weight	23/221 (10.4)	0.94 (0.4∼2.21)	0.893	0.4 (0.07∼2.41)	0.320
Normal weight	273/4,317 (6.3)	0.65 (0.5∼0.85)	0.001	0.80 (0.58∼1.11)	0.190
Over weight	299/5,040 (5.9)	0.80 (0.63∼1.01)	0.062	0.87 (0.65∼1.17)	0.347
Obese	549/5,393 (10.2)	0.71 (0.59∼0.85)	<0.001	0.79 (0.63∼1.00)	0.048
PIR^d						0.162
Poor	444/3,007 (14.8)	0.74 (0.61∼0.9)	0.003	0.80 (0.62∼1.04)	0.094
Near poor	365/3,777 (9.7)	0.70 (0.56∼0.87)	0.001	0.80 (0.59∼1.07)	0.126
Middle-income	200/3,958 (5.1)	0.72 (0.53∼0.98)	0.035	0.61 (0.42∼0.90)	0.011
High-income	135/4,229 (3.2)	1.07 (0.77∼1.48)	0.697	1.22 (0.8∼1.86)	0.352
Serum vitamins D (nmol/L)						0.869
<50	407/4,521 (9.0)	0.75 (0.6∼0.93)	0.008	0.77 (0.58∼1.02)	0.064
50–74	411/5,612 (7.3)	0.74 (0.61∼0.90)	0.003	0.85 (0.66∼1.10)	0.220
≥75	326/4,838 (6.7)	0.72 (0.57∼0.91)	0.006	0.79 (0.59∼1.06)	0.120

OR^a, odds ratio; 95% CIs^b, 95% confidence intervals; BMI^c, body mass index; PIR^d, the ratio of family income to poverty. All subgroups had adjusted for Age + sex + hypertension + diabetes + cardiovascular disease (CVD) + cancer/malignancy + race/ethnicity + education + marital status + poverty to income ratio (PIR) + BMI + smoking status + drinking status + activity + carbohydrates intake + caffeine intake + total energy intake + serum Ca + serum vitamins D + Ca supplement (Model IV).