Table 2. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria for Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score among the eligible randomized controlled trials.
| Certainty assessment | Participants, n (before and after) |
Absolute effect (95% CI) | Certainty | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies | Study design | Risk of bias | Inconsistence | Indirect evidence | Imprecision | IC | CG | ||
| Non-pharmacological interventions - Music listening | |||||||||
| 2 | Randomized clinical trial | Severe a | Severe b | Not severe | Severe c | 103 | 104 | MD − 1.96 (−3.27 to −0.65) | ⊕⚪⚪⚪ Very low |
| Non-pharmacological interventions - Other interventions | |||||||||
| 4 | Randomized clinical trial | Severe a | Severe b | Too severe d | Severe c | 208 | 208 | MD − 3.66 (−4.93 to −2.4) | ⊕⚪⚪⚪ Very low |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CG, control Group; IC, intervention group; MD, mean difference.
Explanations: a. Lack of blinding was present in all RCTs; b. Heterogeneity varied from 67–80% even after using random-effect models; c. Sample size for each group in total is less than 400 individuals; d. Indirect evidence due to different populations (one study is from patients with restless leg syndrome) and this subgroup analysis also present different interventions (four in total).