Table 1. Physical Properties of Some Common Solvents Used for DSSC Redox Liquid Electrolytesa.
| solvent | melting point (°C) | boiling point (° C) | viscosity (cP) | dielectric constant | donor number (kcal mol–1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| water | 0 | 100 | 0.89 | 78.4 | 18.0 |
| acetonitrile (ACN) | –44 | 81.6 | 0.33 (30 °C) | 37.5 (20 °C) | 14.1 |
| propionitrile (PN) | –93 | 97 | 0.39 (30 °C) | 27.7 | 16.1 |
| valeronitrile (VN) | –96.2 | 141 | 0.78 | ||
| 3-methoxypropionitrile (MPN) | –63 | 164 | 2.5 | 36 | 16.1 |
| tetrahydrofuran (THF) | –108.4 | 66 | 0.47 (30 °C) | 7.6 | 20.0 |
| N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) | –78 | 133 | 0.80 | 36.7 | 26.6 |
| dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) | 19 | 189 | 2.0 | 46.5 | 29.8 |
| sulfolane | 27.5 | 285 | 10.07 | ||
| γ-butyrolactone (GBL) | –44 | 204 | 1.7 | 42 | 18.0 |
| N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) | –24 | 203 | 1.65 | 32.2 | 27.3 |
| 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone (NMO) | 15 | 266 | 2.5 | 77.5 | |
| Ethylene carbonate (EC) | 36 | 238 | 90 | 89.1 | 16.4 |
| Propylene carbonate (PC) | –49 | 241 | 2.5 | 64 | 15.1 |
a
All data at 25 °C and 760 mmHg except where otherwise specified.