Table 1.
Clinical and demographic patient characteristics by cases of newly diagnosed papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and healthy controls without any thyroid disorders
| Characteristics | Controls (n = 6919) |
PTC (n = 1990) |
p - Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 48.84 (17.76) | 51.19 (14.93) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex, % | 3678 (53.2) | 487 (24.5) | < 0.001 |
| Race, % | < 0.001 | ||
| White | 4262 (61.6) | 1496 (75.2) | |
| African American | 1935 (28.0) | 189 (9.5) | |
| Hispanic /Latino ethnicity | 250 (3.6) | 139 (7.0) | |
| Other | 472 (6.8) | 166 (8.3) | |
| Cumulative average PM2.5 (μg/m3), mean (SD) | |||
| 12-months | 10.09 (1.88) | 10.00 (1.77) | 0.05 |
| 24-months | 10.34 (1.92) | 10.31 (1.89) | 0.51 |
| 36-months | 10.59 (2.00) | 10.61 (1.97) | 0.74 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), % | < 0.001 | ||
| < 18.5 | 234 (3.4) | 22 (1.1) | |
| 18.5 to < 25 | 2460 (35.6) | 664 (33.4) | |
| 25 to < 30 | 2190 (31.7) | 672 (33.8) | |
| ≥ 30 | 2035 (29.4) | 632 (31.8) | |
| Smoking status, % | < 0.001 | ||
| Never smoker | 4042 (58.4) | 1414 (71.1) | |
| Current smoker | 883 (12.8) | 104 (5.2) | |
| Former smoker | 1994 (28.8) | 472 (23.7) | |
| Current alcohol consumption | 2904 (42.0) | 699 (35.1) | < 0.001 |
| Median annual household income (US $)a, % | < 0.001 | ||
| < 50,000 | 1592 (23.0) | 194 (9.7) | |
| 50,000 to < 100,000 | 3992 (57.7) | 1098 (55.2) | |
| ≥ 100,000 | 1335 (19.3) | 698 (35.1) | |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 1995 (28.8) | 310 (15.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 668 (9.7) | 108 (5.4) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 190 (2.7) | 12 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma | 795 (11.5) | 76 (3.8) | < 0.001 |
| Nasal Polyps | 155 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| Environmental allergy | 178 (2.6) | 16 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
PM2.5 fine (diameter < 2.5 μm) particulate matter, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
aInflation-adjusted to match 2016 US dollars