Table 3.
Association between cumulative exposure to fine (diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) particulate matter (PM2.5) over 36 months and diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) by various patient characteristics. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, current alcohol use, median household income, current smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, COPD, and asthma
| Patient Characteristics | n | PTC Diagnosis aOR (95% CI) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.64 | ||
| Male | 4744 | 1.47 (1.23, 1.75) | |
| Female | 4165 | 1.38 (1.10, 1.72) | |
| Race | 0.32 | ||
| White | 5758 | 1.42 (1.22, 1.66) | |
| African American | 2124 | 1.71 (1.05, 2.79) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 389 | 1.91 (1.08, 3.37) | |
| Other | 638 | 1.07 (0.66, 1.75) | |
| BMI | 0.74 | ||
| Underweight, < 18.5 | 256 | 4.54 (1.24, 16.62) | |
| Normal weight, 18.5 to < 25 | 3124 | 1.49 (1.19, 1.86) | |
| Overweight, 25 to < 30 | 2862 | 1.43 (1.14, 1.81) | |
| Obesity, > = 30 | 2667 | 1.28 (1.00, 1.69) | |
| Smoking status | 0.11 | ||
| Never smoker | 5456 | 1.54 (1.30, 1.80) | |
| Current smoker | 987 | 0.83 (0.47, 1.48) | |
| Former smoker | 2466 | 1.33 (1.00, 1.76) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.46 | ||
| Never drinker | 5306 | 1.37 (1.16, 1.64) | |
| Current drinker | 3603 | 1.53 (1.23, 1.91) | |
| Median annual household income (US $)a | 0.03 | ||
| < 50,000 | 1786 | 0.99 (0.71, 1.40) | |
| 50,000 to < 100,000 | 5090 | 1.43 (1.19, 1.72) | |
| > =100,000 | 2033 | 1.77 (1.37, 2.29) |
Associations that are statistically significant at p < 0.05 are bolded
aOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
aInflation-adjusted to match 2016 US dollars