Table 1.

Pathogens that can induce pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis in macrophages.

Pathogen	Pyroptosis	Apoptosis	Necroptosis	PANoptosis	References
IAV (ssRNA)	NLRP3-dependent CASP1 activation; IL-1β and IL-18 release	CASP8/3/7 activation	RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling activation	ZBP1 PANoptosome formation and activation	(10, 77)
Murine hepatitis virus (ssRNA)	NLRP3 inflammasome activation; CASP1 activation and GSDMD cleavage	CASP8/3/7 activation	phosphorylated MLKL	ZBP1 PANoptosome formation and activation	(89, 90)
SARS-CoV-2 (ssRNA)	CASP1 activation and GSDMD cleavage; IL-1β and IL-18 release	CASP8/9/3/7 activation	RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling activation	ZBP1 PANoptosome formation and activation	(89, 91, 92)
Yersinia pestis	CASP1 activation and GSDMD cleavage	CASP8/3/7 activation	RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling activation	RIPK1 PANoptosome formation and activation	(12)
Staphylococcus aureus	NLRP3 inflammasome activation; CASP1 activation and GSDMD cleavage; IL-1β and IL-18 release	CASP3 activation	RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling activation	NLRP3 inflammasome (PANoptosome) formation and activation	(93–95)
Listeria monocytogenes	NLRP3 inflammasome activation; CASP1 activation	CASP3 activation and Bcl-2 inhibition	RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling activation	NLRP3 inflammasome (PANoptosome) formation and activation	(96–98)
C. albicans and A. fumigatus	NLRP3 inflammasome activation; CASP1 activation and GSDMD cleavage	CASP8/3/7 activation	RIPK3/MLKL signaling activation	ZBP1 PANoptosome formation and activation	(11)