Table 6.

Intensity of unnecessary care

	Unnecessary drugs	Unnecessary tests
	Relative risk	Relative risk
Base model
IRT effort	0.89 (0.81– 0.96), p = 0.005	1.09 (0.84– 1.42), p = 0.513
Base model + provider characteristics
IRT effort	0.90 (0.82–0.98), p = 0.013	1.00 (0.78–1.28), p = 0.9935
Female provider	0.86 (0.70–1.04), p = 0.121	0.84 (0.51–1.39), p = 0.500
Bonus (vs fixed salary)	1.26 (1.04–1.52), p = 0.016	2.00 (1.21–3.31), p = 0.007
% of 3 most qualified clinicians who are doctors	0.57 (0.34–0.96), p = 0.035	3.11 (0.86–11.2), p = 0.083
Base model + provider characteristics + facility characteristics
IRT effort	0.91 (0.83–0.99), p = 0.030	1.00 (0.78–1.28), p = 0.993
Female provider	0.86 (0.70–1.05), p = 0.132	0.80 (0.48–1.32), p = 0.379
Bonus (vs fixed salary)	1.27 (1.03–1.56), p = 0.026	2.22 (1.33–3.69), p = 0.002
% of 3 most qualified clinicians who are doctors	0.57 (0.33–0.98), p = 0.043	2.69 (0.78–9.24) p = 0.116
Hospital (vs dispensary)	0.98 (0.75–1.28), p = 0.866	1.11 (0.58–2.14), p = 0.748
Health centre (vs dispensary)	1.09 (0.89–1.33), p = 0.401	1.70 (1.04–2.76), p = 0.034
For-profit (vs not-for-profit)	1.18 (0.95–1.46), p = 0.133	0.75 (0.41–1.35), p = 0.331
Peri-urban (vs rural)	1.08 (0.87–1.35), p = 0.482	1.26 (0.71–2.23), p = 0.432
Urban (vs rural)	0.97 (0.77–1.21), p = 0.777	0.92 (0.51–1.65), p = 0.779
Any insurance revenue	0.87 (0.72–1.06), p = 0.169	0.86 (0.50–1.48), p = 0.578

Relative risks are from Poisson regression models with the count of unnecessary items as outcome. Base model includes adjustment for SP fixed effects, SP case and SafeCare intervention arm