Table 2.
Participant characteristics, between-group differences for completers vs. non-completers, and differences between those randomized to the Immediate vs. Delayed Work Group among study completersf.
| Total enrolled, n = 61 | Completers,n = 34 (55.7%) | Non-completers,n = 27 (44.3%) | p | Completers, n = 34 | Immediate Work Group,n = 21 (61.8%) | Delayed Work Group,n = 13 (38.2%) | pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 47.4 (11.5) | 44.5 (10.6) | 51.1 (11.8) | .016 | 44.5 (10.6) | 43.9 (11.8) | 45.4 (8.5) | .807 |
| Male | 62.3% | 58.8% | 66.7% | .717 | 56.8% | 63.0% | 50.0% | .308 |
| Race/ethnicity | .553 | .867 | ||||||
| African American/Hispanic | 60.6% | 55.9% | 66.7% | 55.9% | 52.4% | 61.5% | ||
| White | 39.4% | 44.1% | 33.3% | 44.1% | 47.6% | 38.5% | ||
| Married | 16.4% | 14.7% | 18.5% | .476 | 14.7% | 14.3% | 15.4% | 1.00 |
| Currently on probation/parole | 11.5% | 14.7% | 7.4% | .374 | 14.7% | 14.3% | 15.4% | 1.00 |
| Lifetime incarceration history | 85.2% | 88.2% | 77.8% | .315 | 88.2% | 90.5% | 84.6% | .627 |
| Months incarceratedb | 65.1 (86.3) | 45.6 (45.7) | 91.7 (117.9) | .388 | 45.6 (45.7) | 46.9 (53.5) | 43.5 (30.1) | .672 |
| High school diploma/GED | 67.2% | 73.5% | 59.3% | .366 | 73.5% | 76.2% | 69.2% | .962 |
| Any prior technical training | 37.7% | 35.5% | 40.7% | .865 | 35.3% | 38.1% | 30.8% | .948 |
| Past 3-year typical employment pattern | .333 | .432 | ||||||
| Full-time/Part-time | 27.9% | 35.3% | 18.5% | 35.3% | 28.6% | 46.2% | ||
| Retired/Disabled | 31.1% | 26.5% | 37.0% | 26.5% | 33.3% | 15.4% | ||
| Unemployed | 41.0% | 38.2% | 44.4% | 38.2% | 38.1% | 38.5% | ||
| Years at longest-held full-time job | 7.0 (6.5) | 7.0 (6.7) | 7.0 (6.4) | .895 | 7.0 (6.7) | 6.8 (7.5) | 7.3 (5.5) | .381 |
| Skilled workerc | 29.5% | 35.3% | 22.2% | .407 | 35.3% | 38.1% | 30.8% | .727 |
| Any paid workdays, past month | 8.2% | 8.88% | 7.4% | .841 | 8.8% | 9.5% | 7.7% | 1.00 |
| Past-month income (USD) | ||||||||
| Employment incomed | $7.7 (26.9) | $8.6 (29.2) | $6.6 (21.2) | .831 | $8.6 (29.2) | $7.5 (23.6) | $10.4 (37.4) | .972 |
| Non-employment incomee | $484 (351) | $410 (336) | $577 (353) | .072 | $410 (336) | $420 (335) | $394 (349) | .649 |
| Opioid agonist treatment, past month | ||||||||
| Any | 96.7% | 100.0% | 92.6% | .374 | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | – |
| Days | 27.6 (8.0) | 28.9 (5.8) | 26.5 (9.6) | .059 | 28.6 (6.3) | 29.4 (4.4) | 27.9 (7.8) | .266 |
| Opioid use | ||||||||
| Lifetime | ||||||||
| Heroin | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | – | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | – |
| Prescription opioids | 31.1% | 35.3% | 25.9% | .613 | 35.3% | 42.9% | 23.1% | .292 |
| Past 30-days | ||||||||
| Heroin | 60.7% | 58.8% | 63.0% | .948 | 58.8% | 57.1% | 61.5% | 1.00 |
| Prescription opioids | 21.3% | 23.5% | 18.5% | .873 | 23.5% | 14.3% | 38.5% | .211 |
| Cocaine use | ||||||||
| Lifetime | 78.7% | 79.4% | 77.8% | 1.00 | 79.4% | 71.4% | 92.3% | .210 |
| Past 30-days | 57.4% | 64.7% | 48.1% | .299 | 64.7% | 61.9% | 69.2% | .727 |
p-values calculated using chi-square, Fishers exact test, and 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U tests; all continuous variables are presented as means and standard deviations.
Total calculated for those who were ever incarcerated: n = 52 for "Total enrolled" and n = 30 for "Completers."
Hollingshead index of 7 vocational categories which were dichotomized to skilled vs. semi-skilled/unskilled.
Employment income consisted of income from paid wages from taxed work as well as “under-the-table” untaxed work.
Non-employment income consisted of income from unemployment benefits, welfare (e.g., cash assistance, food stamps), pensions/retirement disbursements, Social Security Insurance Disability benefits, money received from friends or family, and income generated through illicit activities.
For the "Total enrolled" sample, opioid agonist treatment consisted of methadone treatment (90.2%, n = 55) and buprenorphine treatment (6.6%, n = 4); for the "Completers," opioid agonist treatment consisted of methadone treatment (94.1%, n = 32) and buprenorphine treatment (5.9%, n = 2).