Table 3.
Predictors of PTSD-only, SUD-only, or PTSD andSUD Psychotherapy Receipt (N = 32,779).
| Variable | Both PTSD & SUD Psychotherapy (n = 2247) |
PTSD-Only Psychotherapy (n = 4864) |
SUD-Only Psychotherapy (n = 6713) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O.R. | 95% CI | O.R. | 95% CI | O.R. | 95% CI | |
| Intercept | 0.13 | 0.10–0.17 | 0.21 | 0.16–0.26 | 0.34 | 0.28–0.42 |
| Age (Reference: <35 years) | ||||||
| 35–55 years | 0.94 | 0.86–1.04 | 0.89 | 0.81–0.97 | 1.11 | 1.03–1.19 |
| 55+ years | 0.46 | 0.39–0.55 | 0.51 | 0.45–0.58 | 0.76 | 0.69–0.85 |
| Sex (Reference: Male) | ||||||
| Female | 0.98 | 0.82–1.17 | 0.88 | 0.74–1.04 | 1.07 | 0.94–1.21 |
| Race (Reference: White) | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native |
0.73 | 0.43–1.23 | 1.13 | 0.76–1.69 | 0.91 | 0.65–1.28 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian |
1.03 | 0.56–1.90 | 1.24 | 0.89–1.73 | 0.80 | 0.55–1.18 |
| Black | 1.21 | 1.03–1.43 | 1.11 | 0.96–1.28 | 1.20 | 1.05–1.37 |
| Multi-racial | 0.84 | 0.51–1.39 | 0.93 | 0.65–1.34 | 1.04 | 0.75–1.44 |
| Unknown | 0.83 | 0.66–1.05 | 0.92 | 0.76–1.10 | 0.87 | 0.74–1.03 |
| Ethnicity (Reference: Not Hispanic/Latino) | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 1.04 | 0.85–1.28 | 1.18 | 1.03–1.35 | 1.03 | 0.89–1.20 |
| PTSD-Service Connection | 0.67 | 0.60–0.76 | 0.93 | 0.86–1.01 | 0.70 | 0.64–0.76 |
| Other Mental Health Service Connection | 0.55 | 0.44–0.69 | 0.50 | 0.40–0.63 | 0.78 | 0.69–0.88 |
| Depression | 0.85 | 0.76–0.96 | 0.93 | 0.85–1.01 | 0.81 | 0.75–0.88 |
| Bipolar/Psychosis | 0.59 | 0.49–0.71 | 0.60 | 0.51–0.71 | 0.90 | 0.80–1.01 |
| Other Anxiety disorder | 0.81 | 0.72–0.92 | 1.00 | 0.91–1.09 | 0.81 | 0.75–0.88 |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | 1.33 | 1.16–1.52 | 1.14 | 1.00–1.30 | 1.28 | 1.18–1.39 |
| Opioid Use Disorder | 2.65 | 2.17–3.23 | 0.70 | 0.56–0.87 | 2.69 | 2.39–3.04 |
| Cannabis Use Disorder | 0.75 | 0.66–0.86 | 1.01 | 0.90–1.15 | 0.74 | 0.67–0.82 |
| Cocaine use Disorder | 1.81 | 1.48–2.21 | 1.09 | 0.91–1.30 | 1.78 | 1.55–2.03 |
| Other Drug Use Disorder | 1.55 | 1.31–1.85 | 0.97 | 0.83–1.13 | 1.59 | 1.40–1.80 |
| Higher Level Mental Health Treatment | 2.29 | 1.83–2.86 | 1.35 | 1.08–1.67 | 2.11 | 1.76–2.53 |
| Homelessness Services | 0.60 | 0.30–1.20 | 0.50 | 0.25–1.01 | 0.87 | 0.62–1.22 |
| Clinic of PTSD Diagnosis (Reference: Other Clinic) | ||||||
| Mental Health Clinic | 0.67 | 0.55–0.81 | 0.97 | 0.84–1.11 | 0.75 | 0.66–0.84 |
| Primary Care Mental Health | 0.93 | 0.75–1.15 | 1.42 | 1.20–1.68 | 0.66 | 0.55–0.80 |
| PTSD Clinical team | 38.35 | 26.12–56.30 | 54.13 | 36.75–79.72 | 0.63 | 0.40–1.00 |
| Substance Use Disorder Clinic | 4.66 | 3.03–7.17 | 1.31 | 0.99–1.74 | 6.49 | 4.32–9.76 |
| Clinic of SUD Diagnosis (Reference: Other Clinic) | ||||||
| Mental Health Clinic | 0.62 | 0.50–0.76 | 0.93 | 0.80–1.08 | 0.62 | 0.53–0.71 |
| Primary Care Mental Health | 0.60 | 0.46–0.78 | 0.92 | 0.76–1.11 | 0.83 | 0.68–1.01 |
| PTSD Clinical team | 7.29 | 5.12–10.39 | 24.00 | 18.22–31.62 | 0.99 | 0.72–1.35 |
| Substance Use Disorder Clinic | 18.01 | 12.45–26.03 | 0.90 | 0.56–1.43 | 19.16 | 13.59–27.00 |
| Non PTSD/SUD Mental Health Visits | 0.88 | 0.79–0.98 | 0.93 | 0.84–1.03 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.09 |
| Elixhauser | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.99 | 0.98–0.99 |
| Driving Distance (Reference: <30 miles) | ||||||
| 30–59 miles | 0.97 | 0.82–1.15 | 0.91 | 0.80–1.04 | 1.03 | 0.91–1.16 |
| 60+ Miles | 1.09 | 0.88–1.35 | 0.78 | 0.63–0.96 | 1.13 | 0.96–1.33 |
| Unknown | 1.04 | 0.87–1.25 | 0.79 | 0.68–0.93 | 1.02 | 0.90–1.15 |
Note. Total N = 32,779; No treatment receipt n = 18,955; PTSD: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; SUD: Substance use disorder; O.R.: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; Higher Level of Mental Health Treatment: Episode of treatment in SUD-Intensive outpatient program, psychiatric hospitalization, or residential treatment in the year prior to index PTSD or SUD diagnosis; Bolded items are significant at p<.05.