Table 1.
Factors associated with comparative harm of cigarettes vs. nicotine e-cigarettes.
|
Which Is More Harmful: Cigarettes or Nicotine E-cigarettes?a |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All(N = 222) | Cigarettes are More Harmful than E-cigarettes(N = 120, 58%)a | Nicotine E-Cigarettes are More Harmful or As Harmful as Cigarettes(N = 87, 42%)a | Bivariate P valueb | IRR (95% CI) | |
| Demographic factors | |||||
| Age, years (M±SD) | 46 ± 11.4 | 44 ± 11.2 | 48 ± 11.3 | 0.017 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| Female (vs. Male) | 108 (49%) | 52 (43%) | 52 (60%) | 0.020 | 1.14 (0.91–1.44) |
| Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin | 24 (11%) | 10 (8%) | 12 (14%) | 0.21 | |
| Race | 0.048 | ||||
| White | 186 (84%) | 103 (86%) | 72 (83%) | 1.00 (0.73–1.38) | |
| Black | 11 (5%) | 5 (4%) | 4 (5%) | Ref | |
| Other single race | 12 (5%) | 2 (2%) | 8 (9%) | ||
| Multi-race | 13 (6%) | 10 (8%) | 3 (3%) | ||
| Educationc | 0.84 | ||||
| > High school | 110 (50%) | 61 (51%) | 43 (49%) | ||
| ≤ High school or equivalent | 111 (50%) | 59 (49%) | 44 (51%) | ||
| Substance Use & Treatment | |||||
| Cigarette Smoking (past 30d) | 0.049 | ||||
| Yes | 160 (72%) | 91 (76%) | 55 (63%) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | |
| No | 62 (28%) | 29 (24%) | 32 (37%) | Ref | |
| E-cigarette Vaping (past 30d) | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 69 (31%) | 54 (45%) | 12 (14%) | 0.80 (0.50–1.28) | |
| No | 153 (69%) | 66 (55%) | 75 (86%) | Ref | |
| Dual use (cigarettes and e-cigarettes) (past 30d) | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 49 (22%) | 40 (33%) | 6 (7%) | 0.95 (0.54–1.66) | |
| No | 173 (78) | 80 (67%) | 81 (93%) | Ref | |
| Nicotine Use (past 30d) | <0.001 | ||||
| Cigarette only | 111 (50%) | 51 (43%) | 49 (56%) | ||
| Nicotine e-cigarette only | 20 (9%) | 14 (12%) | 6 (7%) | ||
| Dual use | 49 (22%) | 40 (33%) | 6 (7%) | ||
| No use | 42 (19%) | 15 (13%) | 26 (30%) | ||
| Buprenorphine (Bup) Treatment | |||||
| Bup dose (mg), M±SD | 17 ± 7.0 | 19 ± 6.4 | 16 ± 7.3 | 0.002 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) |
| Years in current bup treatment, M±SD | 2.9 ± 1.34 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 0.12 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) |
Note. Tabled values represent N (column percent) unless otherwise noted and percent's may not add to 100% due to rounding. E-cigarette, electronic cigarette. BUP, buprenorphine. Mg, milligrams. D, day. M, mean. SD, standard deviation. CI, confidence interval. IRR, Incidence rate ratio. Ref, reference group. Race was dichotomized in multivariate analyses (i.e., white vs. all other races).
Response options included tobacco cigarettes are more harmful, nicotine e-cigarettes are more harmful, both are equally harmful, neither are harmful, and don't know. We combined nicotine e-cigarettes are more harmful and both are equally harmful response options into a single category. We excluded the 14 participants who responded “don't know” and the 1 participant who responded “neither are harmful,” and thus present data on 207 of 222 total participants.
p values compare cigarette column to nicotine e-cigarette column using chi-squared tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables.
1 participant responded “don't know” and was excluded from analyses.