Table 2.
Management Strategies Among Three Waves of COVID-19 Patients Receiving ECMO
| Management | Wave 1 (n = 17) | Wave 2 (n = 19) | Wave 3 (n = 12) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Noninvasive ventilation time, days †,‡,§ | 0.71 ± 0.77 | 8.8 ± 4.4 | 3.9 ± 3.6 | <0.01* |
| Pre-ECMO ventilation time, days | 5.5 ± 2.9 | 3.7 ± 2.5 | 4.2 ± 3.7 | 0.19 |
| Diagnosis to cannulation time, days †,§ | 8.8 ± 6.3 | 17.2 ± 3.4 | 14.6 ± 3.7 | <0.01* |
| APRV | 9 (53%) | 12 (63%) | 3 (25%) | 0.11 |
| Inhaled nitric oxide | 15 (88%) | 19 (100%) | 9 (75%) | 0.06 |
| Prone positioning | 17 (100%) | 18 (95%) | 12 (100%) | 1.00 |
| Neuromuscular blockade | 18 (100%) | 20 (100%) | 12 (100%) | 1.00 |
| Vasopressors | 13 (76%) | 15 (79%) | 12 (100%) | 0.21 |
| COVID-19 therapies | ||||
| Glucocorticoids †,‡,§ | 5 (29%) | 19 (100%) | 12 (100%) | <0.01* |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 2 (12%) | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.61 |
| Remdesivir †,‡,§ | 6 (35%) | 16 (84%) | 11 (92%) | <0.01* |
| Anti-IL-6 | 10 (59%) | 5 (26%) | 7 (58%) | 0.14 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).
*
Global test for differences between waves (p-value ≤0.05).
†
Comparison of wave 1 and wave 3 (p < 0.05).
‡
Comparison of wave 2 and wave 3 (p < 0.05).
§
Comparison of wave 1 and wave 2 (p < 0.05).
APRV, airway pressure release ventilation; COVID-19, coronavirus 2019; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IL-6, Interleukin 6.