Table 3.

Complications and Outcomes Among Three Waves of COVID-19 Patients Receiving ECMO

Outcomes	Wave 1 (n = 17)	Wave 2 (n = 19)	Wave 3 (n = 12)	p
Complications
Acute kidney injury	7 (41%)	5 (26%)	5 (42%)	0.59
Bleeding sequelae	13 (77%)	16 (80%)	10 (83%)	0.90
Thrombosis	7 (41%)	4 (21%)	3 (25%)	0.41
Secondary infection	15 (88%)	13 (65%)	11 (92%)	0.25
ECMO time, days †	28.4 ± 19.0	55.7 ± 36.1	43.0 ± 26.4	0.02*
Length of stay †	47.9 ± 23.6	75.4 ± 37.8	52.8 ± 30.4	0.03*
Inhospital death §	6 (35%)	12 (63%)	9 (75%)	0.05*
Intracranial hemorrhage	0 (0%)	2 (17%)	3 (33%)
Sepsis with multiorgan failure	1 (17%)	2 (17%)	3 (33%)
Hemorrhagic shock	1 (17%)	2 (17%)	0 (0%)
Refractory pulmonary disease	2 (33%)	5 (42%)	3 (33%)
Other	2 (33%)	1 (8%)	0 (0%)

Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).

^*Global test for differences between waves (p-value ≤ 0.05).

^†Comparison of wave 1 and wave 2 (p < 0.05).

^§Comparison of wave 1 and wave 3 (p < 0.05).

COVID-19, coronavirus 2019; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.