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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2022 Jun 7;53(10):4517–4527. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722001398

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants included in the imaging analyses (N=223)

Variable Healthy Comparison (HC) MDD Omnibus Test Post hoc comparison p values
Euphagic (Eu) Hypophagic (Hypo) Hyperphagic (Hyper)
N 38 42 66 77 - -
Age in years, mean (SD) 38.1 (14.9) 35.8 (12.5) 35.3 (11.6) 38.4 (13.5) F = 0.84
p = 0.486a 		-
Women, number (%) 24 (63.2) 25 (59.5) 42 (63.6) 62 (80.5) p = 0.038b = 0.017 Hyper > Eu
= 0.037 Hyper > Hypo
= 0.066 Hyper > HC
= 0.819 HC – Eu
= 1.000 HC – Hypo
= 0.688 Hypo – Eu
Body mass index in kg/m2, mean (SD) 25.0 (3.8) 26.8 (6.6) 25.9 (5.5) 31.4 (6.8) F = 12.88
p < 0.001a 		= 0.001 Hyper > Eu
< 0.001 Hyper > Hypo
< 0.001 Hyper > HC
= 0.598 HC – Eu
= 0.897 HC – Hypo
= 0.895 Hypo – Eu
Education in years, mean (SD) 15.2 (2.2) 15.6 (2.3) 15.0 (2.8) 15.1 (2.4) F = 0.11
p = 0.952a 		-
Race, number (%) p = 0.607b -
 White 25 (65.8) 28 (66.6) 44 (66.6) 53 (68.8)
 Black or African American 8 (21.1) 7 (16.6) 9 (13.6) 17 (22.0)
 Asian 3 (7.9) 4 (9.5) 7 (10.6) 2 (2.6)
 American Indian or Alaska native 0 (0) 1 (2.3) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Other 2 (5.3) 2 (4.7) 6 (9.0) 5 (6.5)
Hispanic or Latino origin, number (%) 3 (7.9) 7 (16.6) 12 (18.1) 21 (27.2) p = 0.088b -
MDD severity, number (%)c - p = 0.408b -
 Mild 4 (9.5) 2 (3.0) 6 (7.7)
 Moderate 28 (66.6) 38 (57.5) 46 (59.7)
 Severe, without psychotic features 10 (23.8) 25 (37.8) 25 (32.4)
 Mood congruent psychotic features 0 (0) 1 (1.5) 0 (0)
MDD recurrency status, number (%) - p = 0.109b -
 Single episode 9 (21.4) 6 (9.0) 8 (10.3)
 Recurrent 29 (69.0) 57 (86.3) 69 (89.7)
Age at MDD onset in years, mean (SD) - 15.7 (5.4) 16.2 (5.9) 17.4 (6.2) F = 1.30
p = 0.274a 		-
Length of current major depressive episode in months, median - 24.0 12.5 12.0 X2 = 3.662
p = 0.160c 		-
Number of prior major depressive episodes, median - 3 4 4 X2 = 5.811
p = 0.054c 		-
QIDSd overall score, mean (SD) - 19.4 (4.0) 20.8 (3.6) 19.6 (4.1) F = 2.22
p = 0.111a 		> 0.060 all group comparisons
QIDS appetite change score, mean (SD) - −0.2 (1.3) −1.3 (1.1) 1.7 (1.2) F = 94.69
p < 0.001a 		< 0.001 Hyper > Eu > Hypo
QIDS weight change score, mean (SD) - 0 (1.1) −1.1 (1.3) 1.6 (1.4) F = 60.23a
p < 0.001a 		< 0.001 Hyper > Eu > Hypo
Other current diagnosese, No. (%)
 Panic disorder - 2 (4.7) 5 (7.5) 3 (3.8) p = 0.497b -
 Obsessive-compulsive disorder - 0 2 (3.0) 2 (2.5) p = 0.695b -
 Social phobia disorder - 3 (7.1) 9 (13.6) 12 (15.5) p = 0.604b -
 Posttraumatic stress disorder - 3 (7.1) 5 (7.5) 5 (6.4) p = 0.864b -
 Generalized anxiety disorder - 7 (16.6) 8 (12.1) 8 (10.3) p = 0.455b -
 Anxiety disorder not otherwise specified - 2 (4.7) 5 (7.5) 2 (2.5) p = 0.471b -
 Bulimia nervosa - 1 (2.3) 0 1 (1.2) p = 0.794b -
 Anorexia nervosa - 0 0 0 - -
Other clinical measures, mean (SD)f
Mood and anxiety symptoms questionnaire
 General distress 12.0 (2.5) 32.7 (8.7) 33.5 (7.3) 30.9 (8.6) F = 74.38
p < 0.001a 		< 0.001 All MDD > HC
> 0.050 other group comparisons
 Anhedonic depression 25.7 (7.0) 42.5 (7.1) 44.4 (4.2) 44.1 (5.4) F = 102.4
p < 0.001a 		< 0.001 All MDD > HC
> 0.050 other group comparisons
 Anxious arousal 10.8 (1.0) 16.8 (6.2) 18.9 (6.4) 16.9 (4.8) F = 19.09
p < 0.001a 		< 0.001 All MDD > HC
> 0.050 other group comparisons
Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale 18.1 (4.5) 27.5 (4.4) 30.1 (5.0) 29.2 (4.7) F = 60.88
p < 0.001a 		< 0.001 All MDD > HC
= 0.025 Hypo > Eu
> 0.050 other group comparisons
a

Note: p-values are comparisons between groups via one-way ANOVA (and Tukey’s Test for post hoc comparisons when applicable),

b

Fisher’s Exact tests, or

c

Kruskal-Wallis tests.

d

Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) overall scores did not include the items measuring appetite/weight change. QIDS appetite change scores were calculated by multiplying the item assessing decreased appetite by −1 and adding it to the item assessing increased appetite, resulting in a composite appetite change score that ranged from −3 to 3; the same procedure was used to create a composite weight change score.

e

Using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (Kübler, 2013).

f

There was no significant difference between MDD groups for the other clinical measures unless stated otherwise.