Table 2.
Walking classification accuracy across all subjects and activities.
| Locations typical to | Smartphone | Smartwatch | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thigh | Waist | Chest | Arm | Unspecified | Wrist | |
| Walking | ||||||
| Normal walking | 0.92 (0.91,0.93), 459 | 0.95 (0.94,0.97), 538 | 0.97 (0.95,0.98), 110 | 0.92 (0.88,0.96), 60 | 0.93 (0.91,0.94), 273 | 0.92 (0.9,0.94), 352 |
| Stair climbing | ||||||
| Ascending stairs | 0.83 (0.8,0.85), 361 | 0.85 (0.83,0.88), 396 | 0.93 (0.89,0.96), 74 | 0.82 (0.76,0.88), 60 | 0.9 (0.85,0.94), 69 | 0.73 (0.68,0.77), 222 |
| Descending stairs | 0.85 (0.83,0.87), 364 | 0.86 (0.84,0.89), 392 | 0.78 (0.71,0.85), 74 | 0.81 (0.73,0.89), 62 | 0.83 (0.76,0.89), 70 | 0.73 (0.69,0.77), 213 |
| Treadmill | ||||||
| 1 mph | 0.19 (0.13,0.24), 31 | 0.02 (0.01,0.03), 31 | – | – | – | 0 (0,0), 31 |
| 2 mph | 0.82 (0.73,0.91), 30 | 0.77 (0.67,0.87), 30 | – | – | – | 0.05 (0.01,0.09), 30 |
| 3 mph | 0.96 (0.95,0.98), 29 | 0.99 (0.98,1), 29 | – | – | – | 0.91 (0.85,0.97), 29 |
| 3.5 mph | 0.97 (0.94,0.99), 28 | 0.99 (0.98,1), 28 | – | – | – | 0.79 (0.68,0.9), 28 |
| Other walking | 0.81 (0.72,0.9), 17 | 0.68 (0.52,0.83), 17 | 0.79 (0.69,0.88), 17 | – | – | 0.47 (0.31,0.63), 17 |
| Non-walking | ||||||
| Stationary & TV | 0.99 (0.99,1), 401 | 1 (1,1), 380 | 0.99 (0.99,1), 89 | 1 (0.99,1), 60 | 1 (0.99,1), 133 | 0.99 (0.98,0.99), 257 |
| Desk work | 1 (1,1), 153 | 1 (1,1), 33 | – | – | 0.99 (0.98,0.99), 35 | 1 (1,1), 154 |
| Eating | 1 (0.99,1), 212 | – | – | – | 0.97 (0.97,0.98), 57 | 0.99 (0.98,1), 214 |
| Drinking | 0.99 (0.98,1.01), 61 | – | – | – | – | 1 (0.99,1), 81 |
| Motorized transport | – | 1 (1,1), 32 | – | – | 0.92 (0.9,0.93), 117 | 1 (0.99,1), 32 |
| Household | ||||||
| Sweeping | 0.94 (0.91,0.97), 34 | 0.95 (0.94,0.97), 53 | 0.9 (0.88,0.93), 19 | – | 0.99 (0.97,1.01), 2 | 0.57 (0.51,0.62), 53 |
| Vacuuming | – | 0.98 (0.96,0.99), 19 | 1 (0.99,1), 19 | – | – | 0.92 (0.84,1), 19 |
| Folding clothes | 0.97 (0.95,1), 51 | – | – | – | – | 0.73 (0.68,0.78), 51 |
| Washing dishes | – | 1 (1,1), 19 | 1 (1,1), 19 | – | 0.99 (0.98,1.01), 5 | 0.96 (0.93,0.99), 19 |
| Grooming | – | – | – | – | 0.93 (0.86,1.01), 15 | – |
| Dressing | – | – | – | – | 0.91 (0.75,1.07), 8 | – |
| Cooking | – | – | – | – | 0.98 (0.97,1), 12 | – |
| Filling shelves | 0.94 (0.9,0.97), 32 | 0.98 (0.98,0.99), 32 | – | – | – | 0.74 (0.69,0.79), 32 |
| Personal hygiene | ||||||
| Combing hair | – | – | – | – | – | 0.67 (0.44,0.9), 5 |
| Brushing teeth | 1 (1,1), 51 | – | – | – | – | 0.98 (0.97,0.99), 54 |
| Sports | ||||||
| Running | 0.94 (0.93,0.96), 431 | 0.97 (0.96,0.98), 430 | 0.95 (0.92,0.98), 114 | 0.97 (0.95,0.99), 60 | 0.92 (0.89,0.95), 126 | 0.97 (0.96,0.99), 264 |
| Cycling | 0.96 (0.94,0.98), 62 | 0.97 (0.94,0.99), 90 | 0.99 (0.97,1.01), 48 | 0.99 (0.99,1), 10 | 0.84 (0.75,0.92), 23 | 0.99 (0.98,1), 110 |
| Jumping | 0.14 (0.11,0.17), 326 | 0.18 (0.15,0.22), 354 | 0.13 (0.07,0.19), 85 | 0.13 (0.06,0.2), 50 | 0.14 (0.06,0.21), 61 | 0.21 (0.17,0.26), 176 |
| Other | ||||||
| Hand clapping | 0.98 (0.96,1), 51 | – | – | – | – | 0.93 (0.9,0.96), 51 |
| Smoking | 1 (1,1), 10 | – | – | – | – | 1 (1,1), 10 |
| Giving a talk | 1 (1,1), 10 | – | – | – | – | 0.96 (0.92,1), 10 |
| Body transitions | 0.97 (0.95,0.98), 108 | 0.99 (0.98,1), 85 | 0.93 (0.89,0.98), 17 | – | – | 1 (0.99,1), 29 |
| Coughing | 1 (1,1), 17 | 1 (1,1), 17 | 1 (1,1), 17 | – | – | 1 (1,1), 17 |
The accuracy is provided as mean (95% CI), sample size. For walking activities, the metric indicates sensitivity; for non-walking activities, the metric indicates specificity.