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. 2023 Feb 10;14:1133308. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133308

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Copyright © 2023 Chen, Wang, Ding and Qin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of immune evasion led by the tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is an external driver of immune evasion in HCC. The suppressive immune microenvironment is led by intricate interactions among suppressive immune cells, stromal cells, immunoregulatory cytokines, and signaling cascades. Metabolic constraints and gut microbiota also contribute to the immunosuppression. The permissive microenvironment favors tumor cells to proliferate in un uncontrolled manner and is no longer confined by the host immunity. TME, tumor microenvironment; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; AA, amino acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species.