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. 2023 Feb 10;14:1133308. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133308

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Copyright © 2023 Chen, Wang, Ding and Qin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Roles of major immune cells in the HCC immune microenvironment. Immune cells existing in HCC can be roughly classified into one group that prompts an effective anti-tumor response, and the other group that limits immune response against HCC cells and contribute to an immunosuppressive TME. DC, dendritic cell; TIL, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; NK, natural killer; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; Treg, regulatory T; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-Β; IDO, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase; Arg1, arginase 1; Gln, glutamine; TCR, T cell receptor; MHC-I, major histocompatibility complex I; TME, tumor microenvironment; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.