Table 2.

Mean values, standard deviation, and significant differences of the ground reaction forces and temporo-spatial parameters for each limb between normal walking and heelwork walking.

	PFz (%)			IFz (%)			TPFz (%)			SPD (%)
	Mean ±SD		p -value	Mean ±SD		p -value	Mean ±SD		p -value	Mean ±SD		p -value
	Normal walk	Heelwork walk		Normal walk	Heelwork walk		Normal walk	Heelwork walk		Normal walk	Heelwork walk
FL	29.18 ± 1.40	29.57 ± 1.69	0.582	30.59 ± 0.92	26.76 ± 2.69	0.001*	36.17 ± 8.17	40.82 ± 7.12	0.192	25.90 ± 0.65	22.88 ± 2.39	0.003*
FR	29.51 ± 1.29	30.37 ± 2.51	0.351	31.16 ± 1.04	26.47 ± 3.44	0.002*	37.73 ± 10.02	41.11 ± 8.16	0.418	25.85 ± 0.61	22.23 ± 2.39	0.001*
HL	20.86 ± 1.13	19.86 ± 1.41	0.095	19.27 ± 0.98	23.20 ± 2.46	0.001*	31.22 ± 11.26	31.02 ± 7.76	0.965	24.22 ± 0.70	27.11 ± 1.88	0.001*
HR	20.45 ± 1.50	20.20 ± 2.34	0.785	18.97 ± 0.98	23.57 ± 3.49	0.002*	30.34 ± 10.78	30.28 ± 7.13	0.989	24.03 ± 0.54	27.79 ± 2.77	0.003*
	PCA (%)			SL (m)			Reach (cm)
	Mean ±SD		p -value	Mean ±SD		p -value	Mean ±SD		p -value
	Normal walk	Heelwork walk		Normal walk	Heelwork walk		Normal walk	Heelwork walk
FL	26.66 ± 0.46	26.44 ± 0.98	0.540	0.88 ± 0.10	0.79 ± 0.17	0.159
FR	26.94 ± 0.37	26.43 ± 1.39	0.287	0.89 ± 0.11	0.81 ± 0.15	0.198
HL	23.24 ± 0.47	23.41 ± 1.10	0.664	0.89 ± 0.11	0.88 ± 0.12	0.768	6.48 ± 5.16	3.31 ± 6.43	0.241
HR	23.15 ± 0.43	23.70 ± 1.28	0.222	0.89 ± 0.11	0.90 ± 0.14	0.803	4.49 ± 8.93	3.02 ± 6.36	0.676

FL, left forelimb; FR, right forelimb; HL, left hindlimb; HR, right hindlimb; mean ± SD, mean and standard deviation; PFz%, peak vertical force as a percentage of total force; IFz%, vertical impulse as a percentage of total force; TPFz%, time to PFz as a percentage of stance phase duration; SPD%, stance phase duration as a percentage of total stance phase duration; PCA%, paw contact area; SL(m), step length. Significant differences within the groups are marked with *.