. 2023 Feb 10;14:1043108. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1043108

TABLE 1.

Characteristics of included study participants.

Studies	Participants				Exercise intervention				Results on FMD
Studies	Gender (M/F)	Age y)	Population	Type	Intensity	Duration	Frequency	Times	Results on FMD
Beck et al. (2013)	IG: 9/4	IG: 20.1 ± 1.1	Prehypertension	Walking/running	65%–85% HR_max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Beck et al. (2013)	CG: 9/6	CG: 21.6 ± 2.7	Prehypertension	Walking/running	65%–85% HR_max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Belardinelli et al. (2005)	IG: 30/0	IG: 55.9 ± 15	CHF	Cycling	60% VO_2max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Belardinelli et al. (2005)	CG: 29/0	CG: 58 ± 12	CHF	Cycling	60% VO_2max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Bhutani et al. (2013)	IG: 23/1	IG: 42 ± 2	Obese adults	Cycling	60%–75% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	No change
Bhutani et al. (2013)	CG: 15/10	CG: 49 ± 2	Obese adults	Cycling	60%–75% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	No change
Boeno et al. (2020)	IG: 8/7	IG: 45.8 ± 6.8	Hypertension	Walking/running	60%–80% HRR	12 weeks	3 days/week	55–60 min/day	Increase
Boeno et al. (2020)	CG: 5/7	CG: 44.3 ± 8.3	Hypertension	Walking/running	60%–80% HRR	12 weeks	3 days/week	55–60 min/day	Increase
Boff et al. (2019)	IG: 5/4	IG: 23.7 ± 5.8	T1DM	Cycling	50%–65% HR_max	8 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	No change
Boff et al. (2019)	CG: 4/5	CG: 20.8 ± 2.6	T1DM	Cycling	50%–65% HR_max	8 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	No change
Braith et al. (2008)	IG: 9	IG: 54.4 ± 13.1	Heart transplant recipients	Walking	RPE:12-14	12 weeks	3 days/week	35–40 min/day	No change
Braith et al. (2008)	CG:7	CG: 54.3 ± 9.5	Heart transplant recipients	Walking	RPE:12-14	12 weeks	3 days/week	35–40 min/day	No change
Choi et al. (2012)	IG: 38	IG: 53.8 ± 7.2	T2DM	Walking	65%–85% HR_max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Choi et al. (2012)	CG: 37	CG: 55.0 ± 6.0	T2DM	Walking	65%–85% HR_max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Desch et al. (2010)	IG: 11/3	IG: 62.3 ± 6.2	CAD	Cycling	75% HR_max	24 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Desch et al. (2010)	CG: 8/4	CG: 62.3 ± 6.5	CAD	Cycling	75% HR_max	24 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Erbs et al. (2010)	IG: 18	IG: 60 ± 11	CHF	Cycling	60% VO_2max	12 weeks	7 days/week	20–30 min/day	Increase
Erbs et al. (2010)	CG: 19	CG: 62 ± 10	CHF	Cycling	60% VO_2max	12 weeks	7 days/week	20–30 min/day	Increase
Ghardashi et al. (2018)	IG: 7/10	IG: 53.1 ± 4.8	T2DM	Cycling	70% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	42 min/day	Increase
Ghardashi et al. (2018)	CG: 9/8	CG: 54.2±5.61	T2DM	Cycling	70% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	42 min/day	Increase
Haynes et al. (2021)	IG: 3/14	IG: 61.9 ± 5.4	Healthy adults	Walking	55%–65% HR_max	24 weeks	3 days/week	20–30 min/day	No change
Haynes et al. (2021)	CG: 4/12	CG: 61.8 ± 7.3	Healthy adults	Walking	55%–65% HR_max	24 weeks	3 days/week	20–30 min/day	No change
Haynes et al. (2021)	IG: 3/15	IG: 62.2 ± 7.4	Healthy adults	Walking	55%–65% HR_max	24 weeks	3 days/week	20–30 min/day	Increase
Haynes et al. (2021)	CG: 4/12	CG: 61.8 ± 7.3	Healthy adults	Walking	55%–65% HR_max	24 weeks	3 days/week	20–30 min/day	Increase
Blumenthal et al. (2005)	IG: 32/10	IG: 62 ± 10.5	IHD	Walking	50–85%HRR	16 weeks	3 days/week	35 min/day	No change
Blumenthal et al. (2005)	CG: 31/17	CG: 63 ± 9	IHD	Walking	50–85%HRR	16 weeks	3 days/week	35 min/day	No change
Jo et al. (2020)	IG: 0/22	IG: 61.8 ± 10.1	PW + high cardiovascular risk	Running	42–82%HRR	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	Increase
Jo et al. (2020)	CG: 0/21	CG: 62 ± 13.9	PW + high cardiovascular risk	Running	42–82%HRR	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	Increase
Jo et al. (2020)	IG: 0/22	IG: 57.3 ± 8.4	PW + high cardiovascular risk	Walking/jogging	60%–80% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	Increase
Jo et al. (2020)	CG: 0/21	CG: 62.5±13.9	PW + high cardiovascular risk	Walking/jogging	60%–80% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	Increase
Jones et al. (2014)	IG: 25/0	IG: 58 ± 5	PCA	Walking	55%–100% HR_max	24 weeks	5 days/week	30–45 min/day	Increase
Jones et al. (2014)	CG: 25/0	CG: 61 ± 5	PCA	Walking	55%–100% HR_max	24 weeks	5 days/week	30–45 min/day	Increase
Kelly et al. (2004)	IG: 5/5	IG: 11 ± 0.6	Overweight children	Cycling	50%–80% HR_max	8 weeks	4 days/week	20–30 min/day	Increase
Kelly et al. (2004)	CG: 4/6	CG: 11 ± 0.7	Overweight children	Cycling	50%–80% HR_max	8 weeks	4 days/week	20–30 min/day	Increase
King and Pyke (2020)	IG: 16/0	IG: 22 ± 3	Healthy adults	Cycling	80% HRR	4 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
King and Pyke (2020)	CG: 12/0	CG: 21 ± 2	Healthy adults	Cycling	80% HRR	4 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Kirkman et al. (2019)	IG: 5/10	IG: 55 ± 13	CKD	Cycling	60%–85% HRR	12 weeks	3 days/week	45 min/day	Increase
Kirkman et al. (2019)	CG: 4/12	CG: 62 ± 9	CKD	Cycling	60%–85% HRR	12 weeks	3 days/week	45 min/day	Increase
Kobayashi et al. (2003)	IG: 12/2	IG: 55 ± 2	CHF	Cycling	Borg: 13	12 weeks	2–3 days/week	30 min/day	No change
Kobayashi et al. (2003)	CG: 8/6	CG: 62 ± 2	CHF	Cycling	Borg: 13	12 weeks	2–3 days/week	30 min/day	No change
Kwon et al. (2011)	IG: 0/13	IG: 55.5 ± 8.6	T2DM	Not clear	3.6–6.0 METs	12 weeks	5 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Kwon et al. (2011)	CG: 0/15	CG: 58.9 ± 5.7	T2DM	Not clear	3.6–6.0 METs	12 weeks	5 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Lavrencic et al. (2000)	IG: 14	IG: 53 ± 5	MS	Cycling	80% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	50 min/day	Increase
Lavrencic et al. (2000)	CG: 15	CG: 51 ± 7	MS	Cycling	80% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	50 min/day	Increase
McDermott et al. (2009)	IG: 24/27	IG: 71.7 ± 8.7	PAD	Walking	RPE: 12-14	24 weeks	3 days/week	15–40 min/day	Increase
McDermott et al. (2009)	CG: 25/28	CG: 68.5±11.9	PAD	Walking	RPE: 12-14	24 weeks	3 days/week	15–40 min/day	Increase
Meyer et al. (2006)	IG: 33	IG: 14.2 ± 1.9	Obese children	Not clear	Not clear	24 weeks	3 days/week	60–90 min/day	Increase
Meyer et al. (2006)	CG: 34	CG: 14.7 ± 2.2	Obese children	Not clear	Not clear	24 weeks	3 days/week	60–90 min/day	Increase
Mitranun et al. (2014)	IG: 5/9	IG: 61.7 ± 2.7	T2DM	Walking	60%–65% VO_2max	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	Increase
Mitranun et al. (2014)	CG: 5/10	CG: 60.9 ± 2.4	T2DM	Walking	60%–65% VO_2max	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	Increase
Molmen-Hansen et al. (2012)	IG: 16/12	IG: 53.6 ± 6.5	Hypertension	Walking/running	60% VO_2max	12 weeks	3 days/week	47 min/day	No change
Molmen-Hansen et al. (2012)	CG: 17/12	CG: 51.3 ± 9.2	Hypertension	Walking/running	60% VO_2max	12 weeks	3 days/week	47 min/day	No change
Tjønna et al. (2011)	IG: 8	Not clear	MS	Walking/running	70% HR_max	16 weeks	3 days/week	47 min/day	Increase
Tjønna et al. (2011)	CG: 9	Not clear	MS	Walking/running	70% HR_max	16 weeks	3 days/week	47 min/day	Increase
Pierce et al. (2011)	IG: 11/15	IG: 63 ± 1	Healthy adults	Not clear	70%–75% HR_max	8 weeks	6 days/week	50 min/day	Increase
Pierce et al. (2011)	CG: 10	CG: 60 ± 1	Healthy adults	Not clear	70%–75% HR_max	8 weeks	6 days/week	50 min/day	Increase
Pugh et al. (2014)	IG: 22/12	IG: 48 ± 15.3	NAFLD	Cycling	30%–60% HRR	16 weeks	3 days/week	30–45 min/day	Increase
Pugh et al. (2014)	CG: 8/12	CG: 47 ± 13.1	NAFLD	Cycling	30%–60% HRR	16 weeks	3 days/week	30–45 min/day	Increase
Belardinelli et al. (2006)	IG: 15	IG: 55.1 ± 14	CHF + Implantable cardioverter defibrillator	Cycling	60% VO_2max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Belardinelli et al. (2006)	CG: 12	CG: 55.1 ± 14	CHF + Implantable cardioverter defibrillator	Cycling	60% VO_2max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Belardinelli et al. (2006)	IG: 15	IG: 53.1 ± 15	CHF + Implantable cardioverter defibrillator + cardiac resynchronization therapy	Cycling	60% VO_2max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Belardinelli et al. (2006)	CG: 10	CG: 53.1 ± 15		Cycling	60% VO_2max	8 weeks	3 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Shenouda et al. (2017)	IG: 10	IG: 28 ± 9	Healthy adults	Cycling	55% VO_2max	6 weeks	3 days/week	50 min/day	Increase
Shenouda et al. (2017)	CG: 6	CG: 26 ± 8	Healthy adults	Cycling	55% VO_2max	6 weeks	3 days/week	50 min/day	Increase
Shenouda et al. (2017)	IG: 10	IG: 28 ± 9	Healthy adults	Cycling	55% VO_2max	12 weeks	3 days/week	50 min/day	No change
Shenouda et al. (2017)	CG: 6	CG: 26 ± 8	Healthy adults	Cycling	55% VO_2max	12 weeks	3 days/week	50 min/day	No change
Sherwood et al. (2016)	IG: 12/39	IG: 51.1 ± 7.0	MDD	Walking/jogging	70%–85% HRR	24 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Sherwood et al. (2016)	CG: 11/38	CG: 51.2 ± 7.8	MDD	Walking/jogging	70%–85% HRR	24 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Sherwood et al. (2016)	IG: 14/39	IG: 52.8 ± 7.9	MDD	Not clear	70%–85% HRR	24 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Sherwood et al. (2016)	CG: 4/12	CG: 51.2 ± 7.8	MDD	Not clear	70%–85% HRR	24 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Sixt et al. (2008)	IG: 10/3	IG: 64 ± 6	DM + CHD	Cycling	70% HR_max	4 weeks	6 days/week	15 min/day	Increase
Sixt et al. (2008)	CG: 7/3	CG: 64 ± 6	DM + CHD	Cycling	70% HR_max	4 weeks	6 days/week	15 min/day	Increase
Sprung et al. (2013)	IG: 0/10	IG: 28 ± 9.8	PCOS	Not clear	30%–60% HRR	16 weeks	5 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Sprung et al. (2013)	CG: 0/7	CG: 28 ± 9.8	PCOS	Not clear	30%–60% HRR	16 weeks	5 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Swift et al. (2012)	IG: 0/68	IG: 57.4 ± 5.8	Hypertension + PW	Cycling	50% VO_2max	24 weeks	Not clear	Not clear	Increase
Swift et al. (2012)	CG: 0/23	CG: 56.8 ± 5.4	Hypertension + PW	Cycling	50% VO_2max	24 weeks	Not clear	Not clear	Increase
Swift et al. (2012)	IG: 0/32	IG: 55.9 ± 6.0	Hypertension + PW	Cycling	50% VO_2max	24 weeks	Not clear	Not clear	Increase
Swift et al. (2012)	CG: 0/23	CG: 56.8 ± 5.4	Hypertension + PW	Cycling	50% VO_2max	24 weeks	Not clear	Not clear	Increase
Swift et al. (2012)	IG: 0/32	IG: 56.3 ± 6.8	Hypertension + PW	Cycling	50% VO_2max	24 weeks	Not clear	Not clear	Increase
Swift et al. (2012)	CG: 0/23	CG: 56.8 ± 5.4	Hypertension + PW	Cycling	50% VO_2max	24 weeks	Not clear	Not clear	Increase
Tjønna et al. (2008)	IG: 4/4	IG:52 ± 10.6	MS	Walking/running	70% VO_2max	16 weeks	3 days/week	47 min/day	Increase
Tjønna et al. (2008)	CG: 5/4	CG:49.6 ± 9	MS	Walking/running	70% VO_2max	16 weeks	3 days/week	47 min/day	Increase
Vona et al. (2004)	IG: 21/7	IG: > 70	MI	Cycling	75% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	Increase
Vona et al. (2004)	CG: 19/5	CG: > 70	MI	Cycling	75% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	40 min/day	Increase
Vona et al. (2009)	IG: 39/13	IG: 56 ± 6	MI	Cycling	75% HR_max	4 weeks	4 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Vona et al. (2009)	CG: 37/13	CG: 58 ± 7	MI	Cycling	75% HR_max	4 weeks	4 days/week	60 min/day	Increase
Westhoff et al. (2007)	IG: 14/13	IG: 67.2 ± 4.8	Healthy adults	Walking	Not clear	12 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Westhoff et al. (2007)	CG: 14/13	CG: 68.9 ± 5.2	Healthy adults	Walking	Not clear	12 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Westhoff et al. (2008)	IG: 5/7	IG: 66.1 ± 4	Hypertension	Upper-limb cycling	Not clear	12 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Westhoff et al. (2008)	CG: 6/6	CG: 68.4 ± 9.7	Hypertension	Upper-limb cycling	Not clear	12 weeks	3 days/week	30 min/day	Increase
Wisløff et al. (2007)	IG: 7/2	IG: 74.4 ± 12	CHF	Walking	70%–75% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	47 min/day	Increase
Wisløff et al. (2007)	CG: 6/3	CG: 75.5 ± 13	CHF	Walking	70%–75% HR_max	12 weeks	3 days/week	47 min/day	Increase
Wycherley et al. (2008)	IG: 6/7	IG: 51.7 ± 2.4	T2DM	Walking/jogging	60%–80% HR_max	12 weeks	4–5 days/week	25–60 min/day	Increase
Wycherley et al. (2008)	CG: 10/6	CG: 53 ± 1.8	T2DM	Walking/jogging	60%–80% HR_max	12 weeks	4–5 days/week	25–60 min/day	Increase
Yoshizawa et al. (2010)	IG: 0/10	IG: 57 ± 1	PW	Walking/cycling	60%–75% HR_max	8 weeks	3–5 days/week	20–30 min/day	Increase
Yoshizawa et al. (2010)	CG: 0/10	CG: 58 ± 1	PW	Walking/cycling	60%–75% HR_max	8 weeks	3–5 days/week	20–30 min/day	Increase

Abbreviation: M, male; F, female; y, year; IG, intervention groups; CG, control groups; VO_2max, maximal oxygen consumption; HR_max, maximum heart rate; HRR, heart rate reserve; METs, metabolic equivalents; RPE, rating of perceived exertion; CAD, coronary artery disease; MS, metabolic syndrome; NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; IHD, ischemic heart disease; PW, postmenopausal women; PCA, prostate cancer; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MDD, major depressive disorder; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; CHF, chronic heart failure; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; MI, myocardial infarction; CHD, coronary artery heart disease; DM, diabetic mellitus; FMD, flow-mediated dilation.