Fig. 1.

Conceptual hierarchical framework of determinants of ENC practices. Figure shows independent determinants (grey bars) of ENC practices (green boxes) identified from international literature. Determinants are ordered in a hierarchical way to depict their causal proximity to the outcomes in a simplified way. The largest grey bar on top presents determinants expected to be most distantly related while the smallest grey bar presents those that are expected to be most proximal related to ENC practices. For the purpose of this framework, intrapartum period is defined as the period immediately after birth, while postpartum period is defined from the first hour to the first week after birth. ∗Practices corresponding to both intrapartum and postpartum periods.