Table 2.

The eight ethical principles applied within western psychedelic research.

Indigenous principles	Concrete problems	Possible solutions
1. Reverencefor Mother Nature	High carbon footprint therapies (e.g., long-distance travel, monocultures), spiritual consumerism, and psychedelic tourism fail to promote environmental care.	Therapies based on Indigenous wisdom reorient attitudes towards better relationships with human, other-than-human, and Mother Earth.
2. RespectIndigenous ways of knowing and being	Extraction and failure to adequately reference Indigenous traditions (e.g., in medicines, rituals, ceremonial use).	Proper acknowledgment of Indigenous traditions.
3. Responsibilityfor use, benefits, harms	Colonial practices of exploitation, dissemination, capitalization, and promotion of appropriation of Indigenous medicines. Promotion of well-being in non-Indigenous Peoples without considering access to health for Indigenous Peoples.	Accountability for perpetuation of harmful practices and a responsibility for inclusive and respectful practice.
4. Relevanceof Indigenous knowledges in psychedelic medicine	Western education and therapies, continue to colonize Indigenous practices.	Formal efforts establish Indigenous-led intellectual foundations in Western psychedelic science, therapy, and curricula.
5. Regulationof tangible and intangible use of traditional Indigenous medicines	Indigenous traditions are appropriated in psychedelic products, therapies, retreats.	Indigenous Peoples rights are respected through FPIC on the use of their medicines and practices. Benefits for any use of Indigenous medicine and practices are shared with Indigenous source communities as they see fit.
6. Reparationand sharing of benefits	Indigenous knowledges, material and genetic resources are a growing billion-dollar industry benefitting primarily Western populations.	Institutions and organizations using psychedelics for research and/or therapies, seek to promote and safeguard self-determination, and enable restitution of appropriate cultural, intellectual, religious, and spiritual property with the FPIC of Indigenous Nations.
7. Restorationof Indigenous authority	Indigenous voices are not part of deliberations related to psychedelic science, therapies, training, product development, etc.	Restoration of Indigenous authority is prioritized.
8. Reconciliationof Indigenous-Western relations	Indigenous voices are not part of institutions, both formal and informal, that are dictating the shape of the psychedelic research therapy movement.	Indigenous scholars, knowledge holders, and practitioners are actively included as leaders in deliberations related to the development of Western psychedelic research and practice.