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. 2023 Feb 24;24:62. doi: 10.1186/s12931-023-02364-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Baseline characteristics of the study cohorts. A Number of healthy individuals and patients per group. B Distribution of sex, age, and Charlson comorbidity index per group. Colors depict patient subgroups, as indicated. C Clinical biomarkers of disease severity at sampling. The grey shadowed areas represent the reference values of the corresponding biomarkers. Significant differences between groups in Additional file 2: Tables S1 and S2. CAP-Infl CAP caused by influenza virus, CAP-Bac CAP caused by bacteria, NP-Sepsis Non-pneumonia sepsis, S. Shock Septic shock. N_Acute Number of samples in acute COVID-19. N_Conv Number of samples during convalescence. NLR Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio