Skip to main content
. 2023 Feb 9;6:e41809. doi: 10.2196/41809

Table 4.

Participant characteristics (N=466).


All, n (%) ILa group (n=233), n (%) CLb group (n=233), n (%) P value for chi-square or t test
Sex (female) 312 (67) 154 (66.1) 158 (67.8) .69
Race and ethnicity .10

African American 188 (40.3) 81 (34.8) 107 (45.9)

White 153 (32.8) 84 (36.1) 69 (29.6)

Latino 88 (18.9) 49 (21) 39 (16.7)

Other 37 (7.9) 19 (8.2) 18 (7.7)
Education .99

Lower than high school 52 (11.2) 27 (11.6) 25 (10.7)

High school 116 (24.9) 58 (24.9) 58 (24.9)

Some college 159 (34.1) 80 (34.3) 79 (33.9)

Bachelor’s degree or higher 138 (29.6) 68 (29.2) 70 (30)
Yearly household income (US $) .12

<20,000 163 (35) 88 (37.8) 75 (32.2)

20,000-29,000 86 (18.5) 38 (16.3) 48 (20.6)

30,000-39,000 48 (10.3) 30 (12.9) 18 (7.7)

40,000-99,000 91 (19.5) 37 (15.9) 54 (23.2)

≥100,000 9 (1.9) 4 (1.7) 5 (2.1)
Native English speaker (yes) 405 (86.9) 211 (90.6) 194 (83.3) .02
Health status (excellent and very good) 123 (26.4) 65 (27.9) 58 (24.9) .46
Frequency of computer use .84

Never 151 (32.4) 75 (32.2) 76 (32.6)

Less than once a month 54 (11.6) 29 (12.4) 25 (10.7)

More than once a month 35 (7.5) 18 (7.7) 17 (7.3)

Once a week 47 (10.1) 20 (8.6) 27 (11.6)

Every 2-3 days 86 (18.5) 41 (17.6) 45 (19.3)

Every day 93 (20) 50 (21.5) 43 (18.5)
Length of computer use (years) .86

Never 130 (27.9) 67 (28.8) 63 (27)

<1 91 (19.5) 42 (18) 49 (21)

1-3 51 (10.9) 27 (11.6) 24 (10.3)

3-5 32 (6.9) 18 (7.7) 14 (6)

5-10 64 (13.7) 29 (12.4) 35 (15)

>10 96 (20.6) 49 (21) 47 (20.2)
Frequency of internet use .98

Never 196 (42.1) 98 (42.1) 98 (42.1)

Less than once a month 53 (11.4) 27 (11.6) 26 (11.2)

More than once a month 27 (5.8) 13 (5.6) 14 (6)

Once a week 36 (7.7) 17 (7.3) 19 (8.2)

Every 2-3 days 72 (15.5) 34 (14.6) 38 (16.3)

Every day 81 (17.4) 43 (18.5) 38 (16.3)
Length of internet use (years) .84

Never 185 (39.7) 93 (39.9) 92 (39.5)

<1 78 (16.7) 35 (15) 43 (18.5)

1-3 50 (10.7) 27 (11.6) 23 (9.9)

3-5 35 (7.5) 18 (7.7) 17 (7.3)

5-10 62 (13.3) 29 (12.4) 17 (7.3)

>10 56 (12) 31 (13.3) 33 (14.2)
Familiar with other participants (yes) 126 (27) 68 (29.2) 58 (24.9) .31

aIL: individualistic learning.

bCL: collaborative learning.