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. 2023 Feb 24;1(5):346–360. doi: 10.1038/s44222-023-00032-w

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Fig. 4 — a, Microneedle-based implantable electrochemical biosensors for the monitoring of analytes in interstitial fluid. The working electrode is modified with multiple functional layers, including an inner sensing layer consisting of a redox polymer and an enzyme, a mass transport-limiting layer to improve stability, and an outer biocompatible layer to prevent fouling of the sensor. b, Implantable electrochemical biosensors allow continuous glucose monitoring and in vivo detection of neurochemicals in the brain.