Figure 4.

Quantitative analysis of protein landing dynamics on single-layer graphene at 35 eV collision energy. (a) A protein–graphene collision principally converts the protein translational energy (E_trans,mol) to the graphene vibrational energy (E_vib,surf and E_trans,surf). The graphene translational energy (E_trans,surf) would approximate the energy received by the “trampoline” mode of the graphene. The sum of E_vib,surf and E_trans,surf would give the total vibrational energy of graphene (termed V_surf in the main text). (b) A protein–graphene collision creates a soliton in the graphene that serves as a mechanism to promptly transport energy away from the landing site, as fast as ∼3–4 nm/ps (black atoms denote C atoms moving away from the protein).