Table 2.

The nMOF‐based nPSs used for combinational immunotherapy with PDT

MOF	Metal	Ligand	Biological integration method	Payloads	Application (combined with immunotherapy)	Ref.
Fe–TBP	Fe	5,10,15,20‐tetra(p‐benzoato)porphyrin (TBP)	Singlet oxygen generation	–	PDT and CBI	[101]
W–TBP	W	TBP	ROS generation and encapsulation	CpG ODN	PDT, checkpoint blocking immunotherapy (CBI), and immune adjuvants	[102]
PCN–ACF–CpG@HA	Zr	Tris(chlorisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP)	ROS generation and encapsulation	CpG ODN and Acriflavine (ACF)	PDT, immune adjuvants, antihypoxic signaling inhibitor, and targeted cancer treatment	[103]
TPZ encapsulated core–shell upconversion nanoparticle@porphyrinic MOFs (TPZ/UCS)	Zr	Porphyrin	ROS generation and encapsulation	TPZ	NIR‐light‐induced PDT, hypoxia‐activated chemotherapy, and CBI	[104]
Apt/PDGs–s@pMOF	Zr	TCPP	ROS generation and encapsulation	DGL–Gem (PDG)	PDT, targeted cancer treatment, and immune adjuvants	[105]
SNP@ZrMOF	Zr	TCPP	ROS generation and encapsulation	Rose Bengal	PDT	[106]
NaLnF4@MOF	Zr, Eu	TCPP	ROS generation	–	PDT, NIR‐II imaging, and CBI	[107]
Cu–TBP	Cu	TBP	ROS generation and pH‐responsive degradation	–	PDT, CDT, and CBI	[108]
Vorinstat (SAHA)‐loaded manganese‐porphyrin metal‐organic framework with modification of AS1411 aptamer (SMTA)	Mn(III)	TCPP	Nuclear DNA damage, chromatin decompaction, cGAS–STING pathway activation, and GSH‐responsive degradation	SAHA	Nucleus‐targeted delivery, PDT, and coactivation of innate and adaptive immunity	[109]
CuTPyP/F68	Cu	TPyP	ROS generation and encapsulation	CUR	Targeted cancer treatment, PDT	[110]
Fe‐proto‐porphyrin‐based hybrid metal–organic frameworks with a surface coated with red blood cells membranes（FTP@RBCM)	Fe(III)	TCPP	ROS generation, GSH‐responsive degradation	Pt NPs	Targeted cancer treatment, PDT, CDT, and CBI	[111]
IDOi@TBC–Hf	Hf	5,10,15,20‐Tetra(p‐benzoato)chlorin (TBC)	ROS generation	IDOi	PDT, IDO inhibition	[112]
TBP–MOF	Zr	TBP	ROS generation	–	PDT, CBI	[113]
PCN‐SU	Zr	TCPP (sulfonation)	ROS generation	–	NIR‐light‐boosted PDT, CBI	[114]