Table 5.

Summary of the research on MONs for cancer immunotherapy

Type	Diameter	Doping	Payloads/surface modification	Administration route	Tumor model	Ref.
Vaccine	≈200 nm	Ethane	OVA	s.c.	B16F10	[170]
Vaccine	200 nm	Tetrasulfide	OVA, CpG/PEI	s.c.	B16‐OVA	[171]
Vaccine	110 nm	Ethane	OVA (iron oxide‐embedded)	i.t.	EG7‐OVA	[172]
Vaccine	110 nm	Benzene, ethylene	OVA, CpG	s.c.	B16‐OVA	[173]
Vaccine	95 nm	Diselenide	Annexin A5/hyaluronate‐modified bacterial outer membrane vesicles	i.v.	4T1	[174]
Drug delivery	≈200 nm	Cu2+, tetrasulfide	DOX	i.t.	4T1	[175]
Drug delivery	165 nm	Disulfide	Curcumin, iron oxide nanoparticles	i.t.	4T1	[176]
Drug delivery	≈200 nm	Disulfide	HCPT, siRNA/BSA, PEI, PEG	i.v.	B16F10, 4T1	[177]
Drug delivery	140 nm	Disulfide	Anti‐PD‐L1, indoximod/annexin A1 antibody	i.v.	4T1	[178]
Drug delivery	65 nm	Diselenide	KP1339	i.t.	4T1	[179]
Drug delivery	60 nm	Diselenide	DOX/cancer‐cell‐derived membrane fragments	i.v.	4T1	[180]
Drug delivery	≈200 nm	Ethane	DOX/TRAIL	i.v.	MCF‐7	[181]
PDT	250 nm × 100 nm	Disulfide (Janus magnetic MONs)	Ce6/breast cancer cell membrane	i.v.	MCF‐7	[182]
PDT	73 nm	Diselenide	Methylene blue, DOX/PEG	i.v.	4T1	[183]
PTT	80 nm	Diselenide	DOX/PEI, ICG hybrid N‐isopropyl acrylamide	i.v.	4T1	[184]
IRE	40–50 nm	Disulfide	TGF‐β inhibitor (SB525334)	i.t.	Panc02	[167]