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. 2023 Jan 24;14(3):364–375. doi: 10.1111/jdi.13938

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Sinomenine inhibits the inositol‐requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α)–X‐box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) pathway through prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) to suppress the activation of spinal cord microglia and inflammatory response. (a) The expression of OX‐42 was detected by immunofluorescence to identify the purity of the isolate (scale bar: 25 μm). (b) The transfection efficiency of PTGS2 in spinal cord microglia measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (c) PTGS2 expression in rat spinal cord microglia determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (d) The expression of PTGS2, IRE1α and XBP1s in rat spinal cord microglia measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. (e) The expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6 in supernatants of rat spinal cord microglia measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. (f) The activation of rat spinal cord microglia determined by immunofluorescence (scale bar: 25 μm). *P < 0.05 versus the control group. n.s. indicates that the data between the two groups are not statistically significant. The cell experiments were repeated three times. HG, high glucose; NC, normal control; oe, overexpression; SI, sinomenine.