Table 3.
Growth rate of overall score of civil disorder (2020–21) and (log) cumulative confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million people.
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: Civil disorder growth (relative) (2020–21) (%) | ||||||||
| COVID_death | 1.656*** | 1.531** | 2.257*** | 2.859*** | 2.752*** | 3.478*** | 5.586*** | 3.271*** |
| (2.93) | (2.56) | (3.34) | (3.55) | (3.26) | (3.50) | (3.33) | (4.29) | |
| Gov_Support | 0.074 | 0.665** | 0.777** | 0.574* | 0.367 | 1.057 | 0.562* | |
| (0.98) | (2.31) | (2.18) | (1.73) | (0.76) | (1.61) | (1.88) | ||
| COVID_death × Gov_support | −0.088** | −0.103** | −0.081* | −0.052 | −0.152 | −0.080* | ||
| (-2.13) | (-2.05) | (-1.75) | (-0.76) | (-1.67) | (-1.89) | |||
| Inflation | 0.125*** | −0.259 | −0.524 | 0.154*** | ||||
| (2.81) | (-0.70) | (-1.31) | (4.34) | |||||
| HCI | −12.035 | −5.825 | 33.249 | |||||
| (-0.74) | (-0.29) | (1.17) | ||||||
| Oil_rent | −0.187 | −0.603* | −0.574 | |||||
| (-1.56) | (-1.80) | (-1.30) | ||||||
| Urbanization | 0.032 | 0.075 | 0.108 | |||||
| (0.54) | (0.98) | (1.12) | ||||||
| Log of GDP per capita | −2.708 | −3.007 | −7.539 | −4.700*** | ||||
| (-1.33) | (-0.98) | (-1.56) | (-3.18) | |||||
| Level of civil disorder 2020 | −18.402*** | −19.557*** | −19.756*** | −17.157*** | ||||
| (-6.21) | (-4.79) | (-4.62) | (-5.90) | |||||
| Governance | −2.328 | −3.125 | −5.697 | |||||
| (-1.34) | (-1.27) | (-1.57) | ||||||
| Stringency index | 0.077 | 0.019 | 0.065 | |||||
| (1.06) | (0.16) | (0.47) | ||||||
| Gini index | −0.325* | −0.161 | ||||||
| (-1.67) | (-0.85) | |||||||
| Ethnic fractionalization | −1.077 | −3.900 | ||||||
| (-0.19) | (-0.63) | |||||||
| Trust in government | 0.091 | |||||||
| (0.90) | ||||||||
| Trust in science | 0.042 | |||||||
| (0.23) | ||||||||
| Africa | 0.327 | −3.919 | −4.789 | 4.767 | −3.252 | |||
| (0.05) | (-0.76) | (-0.75) | (0.61) | (-0.66) | ||||
| Asia | −4.020 | −4.087 | −5.146 | −4.579 | −2.900 | |||
| (-0.67) | (-0.87) | (-1.61) | (-0.84) | (-0.64) | ||||
| Europe | −2.856 | −2.186 | −11.716*** | −10.978* | −3.096 | |||
| (-0.44) | (-0.40) | (-3.20) | (-1.81) | (-0.62) | ||||
| North America | −4.040 | −7.203 | −14.576*** | −14.583** | −5.612 | |||
| (-0.59) | (-1.33) | (-3.51) | (-2.55) | (-1.05) | ||||
| South America | −2.942 | −2.066 | −5.132 | −6.507 | −1.598 | |||
| (-0.37) | (-0.33) | (-0.92) | (-0.97) | (-0.26) | ||||
| Constant | −7.746** | −7.699** | −12.257*** | −13.549 | 58.476*** | 75.531* | 64.753 | 69.408*** |
| (-2.25) | (-2.27) | (-3.11) | (-1.63) | (2.96) | (1.91) | (1.19) | (3.82) | |
| Adj. R-squared | 0.068 | 0.067 | 0.078 | 0.058 | 0.291 | 0.311 | 0.290 | 0.301 |
| Number of countries | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 85 | 71 | 114 |
The method of estimation is ordinary least squares. The t-statistics, presented in parentheses, are calculated using heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors. The asterisks indicate the level of statistical significance: *** indicates p < 0.01, ** indicates p < 0.05, and * indicates p < 0.1.