Table 8.
Model 8 of Table 3, OLS and Robust regressions with Jackknife Standard Errors.
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: relative growth of ICRG civil disorder index (%) | ||||||
| OLS regression | M regression (95% efficiency) | S regression (28.7% efficiency) | MM regression (85% efficiency) | MM regression (95% efficiency) | MM regression (99% efficiency) | |
| COVID_death | 3.271*** | 2.972*** | 2.963*** | 2.974*** | 2.880*** | 3.100*** |
| (3.92) | (4.02) | (5.58) | (4.13) | (4.18) | (4.02) | |
| Gov_Support | 0.562 | 0.518 | 0.310 | 0.501* | 0.532 | 0.551 |
| (1.45) | (1.49) | (1.33) | (1.79) | (1.58) | (1.49) | |
| COVID_death × Gov_support | −0.0796 | −0.0762 | −0.0596** | −0.0786** | −0.0796* | −0.0798 |
| (-1.45) | (-1.54) | (-2.00) | (-2.02) | (-1.69) | (-1.53) | |
| Inflation | 0.154*** | 0.155*** | 0.180*** | 0.146* | 0.154*** | 0.155*** |
| (3.32) | (3.85) | (12.95) | (1.95) | (4.03) | (3.80) | |
| Level of civil disorder 2020 | −17.16*** | −16.13*** | −22.07*** | −15.47*** | −15.35*** | −16.53*** |
| (-5.54) | (-5.65) | (-4.99) | (-4.47) | (-5.34) | (-5.48) | |
| Log of GDP per capita | −4.700*** | −3.492** | −2.374 | −1.580 | −2.890* | −4.084** |
| (-3.03) | (-2.26) | (-1.40) | (-1.28) | (-1.68) | (-2.57) | |
| Africa | −3.252 | −2.104 | −1.220 | 0.119 | −1.467 | −2.680 |
| (-0.40) | (-0.28) | (-0.32) | (0.02) | (-0.20) | (-0.34) | |
| Asia | −2.900 | −3.456 | −5.083 | −4.909 | −3.636 | −3.124 |
| (-0.38) | (-0.50) | (-1.54) | (-0.97) | (-0.55) | (-0.43) | |
| Europe | −3.096 | −2.870 | −5.580 | −3.836 | −2.678 | −2.808 |
| (-0.39) | (-0.39) | (-1.42) | (-0.68) | (-0.38) | (-0.37) | |
| North America | −5.612 | −6.910 | −10.75** | −9.920* | −7.485 | −6.078 |
| (-0.68) | (-0.91) | (-2.35) | (-1.77) | (-1.00) | (-0.75) | |
| South America | −1.598 | −3.839 | −5.664 | −7.288 | −5.785 | −3.161 |
| (-0.18) | (-0.47) | (-1.10) | (-1.25) | (-0.78) | (-0.36) | |
| Constant | 69.41*** | 56.90*** | 60.58** | 36.95** | 49.63** | 62.82*** |
| (3.39) | (2.83) | (2.28) | (2.19) | (2.42) | (3.07) | |
| Countries | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 |
| R-sq | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.32 |
| Replications | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 |
| Breakdown point | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | ||
| Hausman test of S against OLS (p-value) | 0.116 | |||||
| Hausman test of MM against S (p-value) | 0.924 | 0.727 | 0.359 | |||
The t-statistics reported in parentheses are calculated using robust standard errors. The asterisks indicate the level of statistical significance: * indicates p < 0.10, ** indicates p < 0.05, and *** indicates p < 0.01.