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. 2023 Jan 31;12(2):336. doi: 10.3390/antiox12020336

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of fermented glutinous rice (FGR) on the serum and mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model. Serum levels of (A) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, (B) interleukin (IL)-6, and (C) IL-1β. The serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA kit for TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Relative expression of mRNA for (D) TNF-α, (E) IL-6, and (F) IL-1β. Cytokine and mRNA levels results represent the mean ± standard error of the mean values of each mouse in the same group. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 versus the control group and #, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.01; ###, p < 0.001 versus the DSS only treated group.