Table 2.
Antibacterial and antifungal effects of extracts of African Combretum species.
| Plant Extracts | MIC/IZ/IZD | Reference |
|---|---|---|
|
C. acutifolium Exell. (leaf) Acetone, hexane, DCM, and methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.02–2.5 mg/mL against C. albicans, C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, S. schenckii, and M. canis. | [108] |
|
C. acutifolium (leaf) Methanol extract |
MIC range: 0.15–1.50 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. | [109] |
|
C.adenogonium Steud ex A.Rich syn. C. fragrans F. Hoffm. (leaf) Water, methanol, and n-hexane |
MIC values: 1 mg/mL (B. cereus, K. pneumoniae), 0.01562 mg/mL (B. cereus), and 0.25 mg/mL (S. aureus). | [116] |
|
C. fragrans F. Hoffm. syn. C. adenogonium (leaf) Ethanol extracts |
MIC 0.25–4 mg/mL (Candida species) MIC between 0.5 and >4 mg/mL (Filamentous micromycetes). |
[117] |
|
C. fragrans F. Hoffm. syn. C. adenogonium (root) Methanol extracts |
IZD between 0 and 38 mm (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans). Best result: 38 mm against Micrococcus luteus. |
[36] |
|
C. fragrans syn. C. adenogonium (root) Methanol extracts |
Antifungal against Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Best result against C. glabrata: IZD 26 mm. | [17] |
|
C. adenogonium (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC 0.625 mg/mL (E. coli) | [118] |
|
C. albopunctatum Suess. (leaf) Acetone and hexane extracts |
MIC 0.08 mg/mL (C. neoformans and A. fumigatus). | [108] |
|
C. albopunctatum (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.75–3 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. | [109] |
|
C. albopunctatum (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values ranging between 0.02 and 0.64 mg/mL against C. albicans, C. neoformans, M. canis, S. schenckii, and A. fumigatus. | [83] |
|
C. albopunctatum (leaf, stem bark) Water extracts |
Stem bark and leaf extracts inhibit the QS-dependent production of violacein and pyocyanin in Chromobacterium violaceae and P. aeruginosa. | [119] |
|
C. apiculatum Sond. subsp. apiculatum (leaf) Ethanol and water extracts |
MIC values of ethanol extracts: 0.049 mg/mL against B. subtilis and S. aureus. MIC values of water extracts: 0.39 mg/mL against B. subtilis and S. aureus. |
[120] |
|
C. apiculatum ssp. apiculatum (leaf) DCM, methanol, and acetone |
MIC 0.04 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans), | [108] |
|
C. apiculatum subsp. apiculatum (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.4 mg/mL (S. aureus), 0.8 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.8 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. bracteosum (Hochst.) Engl. & Diels (leaf) DCM, methanol, and hexane |
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans) MIC 0.02 mg/mL (S. schenckii) |
[108] |
|
C. bracteosum(Hochst.) Brandis (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.50–3.00 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. | [109] |
|
C. caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze (leaf) Hexane and DCM extracts |
MIC 0.16 mg/mL (C. albicans, C. neoformans). | [108] |
|
C. caffrum (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.4 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. caffrum (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.63–2.50 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. | [109] |
|
C. celastroides ssp. celastroides Welw. ex M.A. Lawson (leaf) DCM, methanol, acetone, and hexane extracts |
MIC range between 0.02 and >2.5 mg/mL C. albicans, C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, Sporotrichum schenkii, and Microsporum canis. Best results: DCM 0.08 mg/mL (C. neoformans); acetone and MeOH 0.02 mg/mL (M. canis). |
[108] |
|
C. celastroides ssp. celastroides (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 3.0 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. celastroides ssp. orientale (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 1.6 mg/mL (S. aureus), 3.0 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.8 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. celastroides subsp. celastroides and C. celastroides subsp. orientale (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.50–3.00 mg/mL and 0.25–3.00 mg/mL, respectively, against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. | [109] |
|
C. collinum ssp. Suluense (Engl. & Diels) Okafor (leaf) Acetone and DCM |
MIC values: 0.08 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans). | [108] |
|
C. collinum ssp. Taborense (Engl.) Okafor (leaf) Acetone, DCM extracts |
MIC values: 0.08 mg/mL (C. neoformans) and 0.64 mg/mL (C. albicans). | [108] |
|
C. collinum Fresen. (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 0.13 mg/mL (S. aureus), 0.07 mg/mL (E. coli), 0.08 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), and 0.100 mg/mL (E. faecalis). |
[121] |
|
C. collinum (fruits, leaves, roots) Methanol extracts |
No activity against Candida spp. or Cryptococcus neoformans, with the exception of a leaf MeOH extract against C. krusei (IZD 18.4 mm). | [17] |
|
C. edwardsii Exell (leaf) Acetone and methanol extracts |
MIC 0.04 mg/mL (C. albicans). | [108] |
|
C. edwardsii (leaf) Ethyl acetate fraction, DCM, hexane, and water fractions |
MIC range from 0.390–3.125 mg/mL against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. | [30] |
|
C. eleagnoides Klotzsch (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC 0.05 mg/mL against B. cereus and a low average MIC value of 0.52 mg/mL against the other bacteria used in the screenings. | [109] |
|
C. erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. (leaf) Ethyl acetate and acetone extracts |
MIC 0.04 mg/mL (Fusarium spp.). | [19] |
|
C. erythrophyllum (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC 3.875 mg/mL (C. albicans, A. niger). | [29] |
|
C. erythrophyllum (leaf) Acetone, methanol, DCM extracts |
MIC values: 0.02 mg/mL (M. canis), 0.32 mg/mL (C. neoformans, S. schenckii, and M. canis). | [108] |
|
C. erythrophyllum (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. erythrophyllum (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.50–2.50 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. | [109] |
|
C. erythrophyllum (leaf) Water, CHCl3, butanol, 35% water in methanol, and CCl4 bioautography |
MIC 0.05–25 mg/mL of solvent partition fractions against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis and E. coli Best result for a 35% water extract in MeOH against S. aureus (MIC 0.05 mg/mL); a chloroform fraction contained the highest number of antibacterial compounds. |
[114] |
|
C. hartmannianum (Schweinf) (bark) DCM, ethyl acetate, ethanol |
MIC values of 12.5, 25 and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively, against Mycobacterium aurum A+. | [112] |
|
C. hartmannianum (bark) Methanol, 50% ethanol |
MIC values of 0.5 and 1 mg/mL, respectively, against Porphyromonas gingivalis. | [122] |
|
C. hartmannianum (fruit) Water extracts |
MIC 1.91 mg/mL, and IZD 20 and 19 mm against B. subtilis and S. aureus, respectively. | [74] |
|
C. hartmannianum (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC 1.43 mg/mL, IZD 30 mm against B. subtilis. | [74] |
|
C. hartmannianum (leaf) DCM, ethyl acetate, ethanol |
MIC values of 0.78, 3.12 and 0.19 mg/mL, respectively, against Mycobacterium aurum A+. | [112] |
|
C. hartmannianum (root) Ethanol extracts |
MIC 0.2 mg/mL (E. coli, S. aureus). | [75] |
| C. hartmannianum (root) | MIC 0.313 and 0.625 mg/mL, respectively, of a methanol and ethyl acetate extract of the root against Mycobacterium smegmatis. | [76] |
|
C. hereroense Schinz (leaf) Acetone, methanol, DCM and hexane extracts |
MIC values of 0.02 mg/mL (Cryptococcus neoformans), 0.02–0.32 mg/mL (Candida albicans), and 0.02–0.04 mg/mL (Microsporum canis). | [108] |
|
C. hereroense (leaf) Hexane, DCM, acetone and methanol extracts |
MIC values of 1.25, 0.62, 0.47 and 1.90 mg/mL, respectively, against Mycobacterium smegmatis. | [113] |
|
C. hereroense (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 3.0 mg/mL (S. aureus), 3.0 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. hereroense (leaf) Methanol extracts Water extracts |
MIC values: 5.075 mg/mL (A. niger), 4.486 mg/mL (C. albicans), 0.395 mg/mL (Rhizopus stolonifer), 0.240 mg/mL (Proteus vulgaris), and 0.287 mg/mL (Proteus vulgaris and Rhizopus stolonifer). | [29] |
|
C. hereroense (stem) Methanol extracts |
MIC values: 30.0 mg/mL (S. epidermidis) and 23.3 mg/mL (Sarcina sp.). | [36] |
|
C. imberbe Wawra (leaf) Hexane, DCM |
MIC 0.16 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans). | [108] |
|
C. imberbe (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 2.5 mg/mL (C. albicans), 0.16 mg/mL (C. neoformans), 0.04 mg/mL (M. canis), and 2.5 mg/mL (S. schenckii, A. fumigatus). | [83] |
|
C. imberbe (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.05–0.75 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. | [109] |
|
C. imberbe (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 1.6 mg/mL (S. aureus), 3.0 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
| C. imberbe (leaf) Ethanol extracts | MIC 0.125 mg/mL (Mycobacterium smegmatis). | [51] |
|
C. kraussii Hochst (bark) Ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts |
MIC values between 0.6–9.0 mg/mLagainst B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. | [123] |
|
C. kraussii (leaf) Hexane extracts |
MIC 0.08 mg/mL (C. albicans) | [108] |
|
C. kraussii (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus, E. faecalis), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli). | [107] |
|
C. kraussii (leaf) Ethyl acetate fraction, DCM, hexane fraction, and water fractions |
MIC range from 0.390 to 1.560 mg/mL against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. |
[30] |
|
C. kraussii (root) Ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts |
MIC values between 0.195–3.125 mg/mLagainst B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. | [123] |
|
C. micranthum G. Don (root, stem bark and leaves) Water and methanol extracts |
Agar diffusion IZD results: All root, bark, and stem bark extracts showed a strong growth inhibition of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa at a level significantly higher than ampicillin, gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin. Hot-water extracts of the root bark inhibited the growth of clinical strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. The root and stem bark extracts were more active than extracts of the leaves. | [124] |
|
C. micranthum (leaf) Ethanol extracts |
Active at 1 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) and at 5 mg/mL against C. albicans (IZ from 8 to 11 mm). MIC 0.5 mg/mL of an ethanol extract of the leaves against S. aureus. | [84] |
|
C. micranthum (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC 310 µg/mL (Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides). | [125] |
|
C. micranthum (stem bark) A 70% EtOH extract and its solvent partition fractions; n-hexane, chloroform, and aqueous |
70% EtOH extract and aqueous fraction: MIC 230 µg/mL (E.coli), MIC 470 µg/mL (P. aeruginosa), and MIC 940 µg/mL (S. aureus). n-hexane fraction: MIC 7.5 mg/mL (S. aureus, E. coli), and 15 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa). chloroform fraction: MIC 1880 µg/mL (S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli). |
[126] |
|
C. microphyllum Klotzsch(leaf) Acetone, methanol, DCM, and hexane extracts |
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans) | [108] |
|
C. microphyllum (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.4 mg/mL (S. aureus), 0.8 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.8 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. microphyllum (leaf) Methanol extracts |
3.9 mg/mL (A. niger), 1.008 mg/mL (C. albicans), and 0.494 mg/mL (R. stolonifer). | [29] |
|
C. microphyllum (leaf) Acetone and 1% aqueous sodium bicarbonate, hexane, ethyl ether, methylene dichloride, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. |
MIC against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and E. faecalis varied from 0.08 to 1.20 mg/mL for the different extracts, with hexane providing the lowest MIC of 0.08 mg/mL against E. faecalis. The water extract was not as active as the other extracts (MIC 1.20 mg/mL). |
[127] |
|
C. moggii Excell (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans). | [108] |
|
C. moggii (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. molle R. Br. ex. G. Don. (stem bark) Acetone extracts |
MIC 0.050 mg/mL (Shigella spp., E. coli) | [43] |
|
C. molle (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC 0.625 mg/mL (E. coli) | [118] |
|
C. molle (leaf) Ethyl acetate and acetone extracts |
MIC 0.04 mg/mL (Fusarium spp.) | [19] |
|
C. molle (leaf) Ethyl alcohol:H2O (50:50) |
MIC 0.25 mg/mL (Microsporum, Trichophyton) | [46] |
|
C. molle (leaf) Acetone, methanol, DCM and hexane |
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans) | [108] |
|
C. molle (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC 0.160 mg/mL (Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides) | [125] |
|
C. molle (leaf) Methanol extracts |
IZD 0–30 mm. Best results: 30 mm against Micrococcus luteus, 25 mm against Enterobacter aerogenes, and 25 mm against Sarcina sp. | [36] |
|
C. molle (root) Methanol extracts |
MIC 1.00 mg/mL (S. aureus) A decoction was inactive. |
[128] |
|
C. molle (stem bark) Ethanol extracts |
MIC 0.250 mg/mL (B. cereus) | [129] |
|
C. molle (stem bark) Acetone extracts |
MIC 1.000 mg/mL (M. tuberculosis) | [111] |
|
C. molle (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC 0.040 mg/mL against Penicillium janthinellum. | [130] |
|
C. molle (root) Methanol extracts |
Antifungal against all Candida spp. used in the screening and Cryptococcus neoformans. Best activity against C. glabrata (IZD 25.8 mm) | [17] |
|
C. mossambicense (Klotzsch) (leaf) Methanol and hexane extracts |
Active against yeasts, dimorphic fungi and moulds at MIC values between 0.02 and 2.5 mg/mL. Lowest MIC values: 0.04 mg/mL of a methanol extract (C. albicans); 0.02 mg/mL of acetone, dichloromethane and hexane extracts (M. canis); and 0.02 mg/mL of a hexane extract (C. neoformans). |
[108] |
|
C. mossambicense (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 0.800 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus), 1.600 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.400 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. nelsonii Duemmer (Angustimarginata Engl. & Diels) syn. C. kraussii Hochst (leaf) Hexane extracts |
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans) | [108] |
|
C. nelsonii (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values between 0.02 and 0.16 mg/mL against C. albicans, C. neoformans, M. canis, S. schenckii and A. fumigatus. | [83] |
|
C. nelsonii (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values of 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli) and 6.0 mg/mL (E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. nigricans Lepr. (leaf) Ethyl alcohol–water (50:50, v/v) |
MIC values between 1 and >4 mg/mL against C. albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. | [46] |
|
C. nigricans (entire root) Ethyl alcohol–water (50:50, v/v) |
MIC between 0.25 and >4 mg/mL against C. albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. | [46] |
|
C. padoides Eng. & Diels (leaf) DCM and acetone extracts |
MIC 0.32 mg/mL (C. albicans, C. neoformans) | [108] |
|
C. padoides (leaf) 70% Acetone in acidified water (crude), water, hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions |
MIC between 0.019 and 2.5 mg/mL against C. albicans, C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa.
MIC values of various extracts: Crude extract (70% acetone): 0.039 mg/mL (C. neoformans) Hexane fraction: 0.019 mg/mL (E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus) Ethyl acetate fraction: 0.019 mg/mL (C. neoformans) Butanol fraction: 0.019 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa) |
[117] |
|
C. padoides (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 0.800 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and E. faecalis), and 6.000 mg/mL (S. aureus). | [107] |
|
C. padoides (root) Methanol extracts |
Antifungal against all Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. Best result against C. glabrata; IZD 29.1 mm MIC 6.25 mg/mL (C. glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans) |
[17] |
|
C. padoides (stem bark) Crude methanol extract and a butanol fraction resulting from solvent partition of the MeOH extract |
Lowest MIC: 1250 µg/mL of a methanol extract MIC of a butanol fraction: 2.5 mg/mL Test bacterium: Mycobacterium smegmatis |
[23] |
|
C. padoides (stem bark, root) Methanol |
IZD range: 0–32 mm Best results: IZD 32 mm against Enterobacter aerogenes and 31 mm against S. aureus. Not active against E. coli. |
[36] |
|
C. paniculatum Vent. (leaf) Acetone, methanol, DCM and hexane extracts |
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans) | [108] |
|
C. paniculatum (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecalis), 0.8 mg/mL (E. coli). | [107] |
|
C. paniculatum (root) Methanol, water extracts |
MIC values: 2.77 mg/mL (S. epidermidis), 1.85 mg/mL (S. aureus), and 14.44 mg/mL (S. epidermidis, S. aureus). | [128] |
|
C. pentagonum Laws. (fruit) Methanol extracts |
MIC 3.44 mg/mL, IZD = 21 mm, (B. subtilis)MIC 6.87 mg/mL, IZD = 23 mm, (S. aureus) | [74] |
|
C. pentagonum (bark) Water extracts |
MIC 4.86 mg/mL, IZD = 18 mm, (B. subtilis) | [74] |
|
C. petrophilum Retief. (leaf) Acetone, methanol, DCM, and hexane |
MIC 0.02 mg/mL: acetone and methanol extracts against C. albicans and M. canis; acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts against C. neoformans. | [108] |
|
C. petrophilum (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.50– >3.00 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae | [109] |
|
C. psidioides Welw. (stem bark and fruit) Methanol extracts |
IZD 16.0–24.6 mm against C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans | [17] |
|
C. psidioides (leaf) Methanol extracts |
IZD between 17–30 mm (diameter of hole: 12 mm) against S. aureus, E. aerogenes, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, and C. albicans | [36] |
|
C. psidioides (stem bark) Methanol extract and its n-butanol and chloroform fractions resulting from solvent partition |
IZD range: 14–29.00 mm, with the crude methanol extract being the most active (IZD 29 mm). Lowest MIC: 625 µg/mL of a methanol extract. MIC 2500 µg/mL for the n-butanol and chloroform fractions. Test bacterium: M. smegmatis |
[23] |
|
C. woodii Duemmer (leaf) Hexane, DCM, methanol extracts |
MIC values: 0.08 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans) and 0.02 mg/mL (Microsporum canis). | [108] |
|
C. woodii (leaf) Crude water and methanol extracts |
MIC values: 0.078 mg/mL (C. neoformans), 1.250 mg/mL (C. albicans), 0.156 mg/mL (E. faecalis), 0.625 mg/mL (E. coli, P. aeruginosa), and 0.312 mg/mL (S. aureus). | [117] |
|
C. woodii (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.50–3.00 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. | [109] |
|
C. zeyheri Sond. (leaf) Methanol extracts |
MIC range: 0.25–3.00 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. | [109] |
| C. zeyheri (entire plant) | Active at 0.03 mg/mL against C. albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Screening with bioautography. | [131] |
|
C. zeyheri (leaf) Water and methanol extracts |
MIC 6 mg/mL against E. coli and B. subtilis. | [132] |
|
C. zeyheri (leaf) Acetone and methanol extracts |
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. albicans) MIC 0.08 mg/mL (C. neoformans) |
[108] |
|
C. zeyheri (leaf) Acetone extracts |
MIC values: 0.80 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) and 1.60 mg/mL (E. coli, E. faecalis). | [107] |
|
C. zeyheri (stem bark, fruits, root) Methanol extracts |
IZD between 0–33 mm. Micrococcus luteus: IZD was 33 mm for a stem bark methanol extract. | [36] |
Abbreviations: IZD—inhibition zone diameter; IZ—inhibition zone; MIC—minimum inhibitory concentration, DCM—dichloromethane; MeOH—methanol, EtOH—ethanol; CHCl3—chloroform.