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. 2023 Jan 28;12(2):264. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020264

Table 2.

Antibacterial and antifungal effects of extracts of African Combretum species.

Plant Extracts MIC/IZ/IZD Reference
C. acutifolium Exell. (leaf)
Acetone, hexane, DCM, and methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.02–2.5 mg/mL against C. albicans, C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, S. schenckii, and M. canis. [108]
C. acutifolium (leaf)
Methanol extract
MIC range: 0.15–1.50 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. [109]
C.adenogonium Steud ex A.Rich syn. C. fragrans F. Hoffm. (leaf)
Water, methanol, and n-hexane
MIC values: 1 mg/mL (B. cereus, K. pneumoniae), 0.01562 mg/mL (B. cereus), and 0.25 mg/mL (S. aureus). [116]
C. fragrans F. Hoffm. syn. C. adenogonium (leaf)
Ethanol extracts
MIC 0.25–4 mg/mL (Candida species)
MIC between 0.5 and >4 mg/mL (Filamentous micromycetes).
[117]
C. fragrans F. Hoffm. syn. C. adenogonium (root)
Methanol extracts
IZD between 0 and 38 mm (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans).
Best result: 38 mm against Micrococcus luteus.
[36]
C. fragrans syn. C. adenogonium (root)
Methanol extracts
Antifungal against Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Best result against C. glabrata: IZD 26 mm. [17]
C. adenogonium (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC 0.625 mg/mL (E. coli) [118]
C. albopunctatum Suess. (leaf)
Acetone and hexane extracts
MIC 0.08 mg/mL (C. neoformans and A. fumigatus). [108]
C. albopunctatum (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.75–3 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. [109]
C. albopunctatum (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values ranging between 0.02 and 0.64 mg/mL against C. albicans, C. neoformans, M. canis, S. schenckii, and A. fumigatus. [83]
C. albopunctatum (leaf, stem bark)
Water extracts
Stem bark and leaf extracts inhibit the QS-dependent production of violacein and pyocyanin in Chromobacterium violaceae and P. aeruginosa. [119]
C. apiculatum Sond. subsp. apiculatum (leaf)
Ethanol and water extracts
MIC values of ethanol extracts: 0.049 mg/mL against B. subtilis and S. aureus.
MIC values of water extracts: 0.39 mg/mL against B. subtilis and S. aureus.
[120]
C. apiculatum ssp. apiculatum (leaf)
DCM, methanol, and acetone
MIC 0.04 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans), [108]
C. apiculatum subsp. apiculatum (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.4 mg/mL (S. aureus), 0.8 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.8 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. bracteosum (Hochst.) Engl. & Diels (leaf)
DCM, methanol, and hexane
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans)
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (S. schenckii)
[108]
C. bracteosum(Hochst.) Brandis (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.50–3.00 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. [109]
C. caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze (leaf)
Hexane and DCM extracts
MIC 0.16 mg/mL (C. albicans, C. neoformans). [108]
C. caffrum (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.4 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. caffrum (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.63–2.50 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. [109]
C. celastroides ssp. celastroides Welw. ex M.A. Lawson
(leaf)
DCM, methanol, acetone, and hexane extracts
MIC range between 0.02 and >2.5 mg/mL
C. albicans, C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, Sporotrichum schenkii, and Microsporum canis.
Best results: DCM 0.08 mg/mL (C. neoformans); acetone and MeOH 0.02 mg/mL (M. canis).
[108]
C. celastroides ssp. celastroides (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 3.0 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. celastroides ssp. orientale (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 1.6 mg/mL (S. aureus), 3.0 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.8 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. celastroides subsp. celastroides and C. celastroides subsp. orientale (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.50–3.00 mg/mL and 0.25–3.00 mg/mL, respectively, against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. [109]
C. collinum ssp. Suluense (Engl. & Diels) Okafor (leaf)
Acetone and DCM
MIC values: 0.08 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans). [108]
C. collinum ssp. Taborense (Engl.) Okafor (leaf)
Acetone, DCM extracts
MIC values: 0.08 mg/mL (C. neoformans) and 0.64 mg/mL (C. albicans). [108]
C. collinum Fresen. (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 0.13 mg/mL (S. aureus), 0.07 mg/mL (E. coli),
0.08 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), and 0.100 mg/mL (E. faecalis).
[121]
C. collinum (fruits, leaves, roots)
Methanol extracts
No activity against Candida spp. or Cryptococcus neoformans, with the exception of a leaf MeOH extract against C. krusei (IZD 18.4 mm). [17]
C. edwardsii Exell (leaf)
Acetone and methanol extracts
MIC 0.04 mg/mL (C. albicans). [108]
C. edwardsii (leaf)
Ethyl acetate fraction, DCM, hexane, and water fractions
MIC range from 0.390–3.125 mg/mL against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. [30]
C. eleagnoides Klotzsch (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC 0.05 mg/mL against B. cereus and a low average MIC value of 0.52 mg/mL against the other bacteria used in the screenings. [109]
C. erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. (leaf)
Ethyl acetate and acetone extracts
MIC 0.04 mg/mL (Fusarium spp.). [19]
C. erythrophyllum (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC 3.875 mg/mL (C. albicans, A. niger). [29]
C. erythrophyllum (leaf)
Acetone, methanol, DCM extracts
MIC values: 0.02 mg/mL (M. canis), 0.32 mg/mL (C. neoformans, S. schenckii, and M. canis). [108]
C. erythrophyllum (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. erythrophyllum (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.50–2.50 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. [109]
C. erythrophyllum (leaf)
Water, CHCl3, butanol, 35% water in methanol, and CCl4
bioautography
MIC 0.05–25 mg/mL of solvent partition fractions against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis and E. coli
Best result for a 35% water extract in MeOH against S. aureus (MIC 0.05 mg/mL); a chloroform fraction contained the highest number of antibacterial compounds.
[114]
C. hartmannianum (Schweinf) (bark)
DCM, ethyl acetate, ethanol
MIC values of 12.5, 25 and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively, against Mycobacterium aurum A+. [112]
C. hartmannianum (bark)
Methanol, 50% ethanol
MIC values of 0.5 and 1 mg/mL, respectively, against Porphyromonas gingivalis. [122]
C. hartmannianum (fruit)
Water extracts
MIC 1.91 mg/mL, and IZD 20 and 19 mm against B. subtilis and S. aureus, respectively. [74]
C. hartmannianum (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC 1.43 mg/mL, IZD 30 mm against B. subtilis. [74]
C. hartmannianum (leaf)
DCM, ethyl acetate, ethanol
MIC values of 0.78, 3.12 and 0.19 mg/mL, respectively, against Mycobacterium aurum A+. [112]
C. hartmannianum (root)
Ethanol extracts
MIC 0.2 mg/mL (E. coli, S. aureus). [75]
C. hartmannianum (root) MIC 0.313 and 0.625 mg/mL, respectively, of a methanol and ethyl acetate extract of the root against Mycobacterium smegmatis. [76]
C. hereroense Schinz (leaf)
Acetone, methanol, DCM and hexane extracts
MIC values of 0.02 mg/mL (Cryptococcus neoformans), 0.02–0.32 mg/mL (Candida albicans), and 0.02–0.04 mg/mL (Microsporum canis). [108]
C. hereroense (leaf)
Hexane, DCM, acetone and methanol extracts
MIC values of 1.25, 0.62, 0.47 and 1.90 mg/mL, respectively, against Mycobacterium smegmatis. [113]
C. hereroense (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 3.0 mg/mL (S. aureus), 3.0 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. hereroense (leaf)
Methanol extracts
Water extracts
MIC values: 5.075 mg/mL (A. niger), 4.486 mg/mL (C. albicans), 0.395 mg/mL (Rhizopus stolonifer), 0.240 mg/mL (Proteus vulgaris), and 0.287 mg/mL (Proteus vulgaris and Rhizopus stolonifer). [29]
C. hereroense (stem)
Methanol extracts
MIC values: 30.0 mg/mL (S. epidermidis) and 23.3 mg/mL (Sarcina sp.). [36]
C. imberbe Wawra (leaf)
Hexane, DCM
MIC 0.16 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans). [108]
C. imberbe (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 2.5 mg/mL (C. albicans), 0.16 mg/mL (C. neoformans), 0.04 mg/mL (M. canis), and 2.5 mg/mL (S. schenckii, A. fumigatus). [83]
C. imberbe (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.05–0.75 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. [109]
C. imberbe (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 1.6 mg/mL (S. aureus), 3.0 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. imberbe (leaf) Ethanol extracts MIC 0.125 mg/mL (Mycobacterium smegmatis). [51]
C. kraussii Hochst (bark)
Ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts
MIC values between 0.6–9.0 mg/mLagainst B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. [123]
C. kraussii (leaf)
Hexane extracts
MIC 0.08 mg/mL (C. albicans) [108]
C. kraussii (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus, E. faecalis), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli). [107]
C. kraussii (leaf)
Ethyl acetate fraction, DCM, hexane fraction, and water fractions
MIC range from 0.390 to 1.560 mg/mL
against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus.
[30]
C. kraussii (root)
Ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts
MIC values between 0.195–3.125 mg/mLagainst B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. [123]
C. micranthum G. Don (root, stem bark and leaves)
Water and methanol extracts
Agar diffusion IZD results: All root, bark, and stem bark extracts showed a strong growth inhibition of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa at a level significantly higher than ampicillin, gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin. Hot-water extracts of the root bark inhibited the growth of clinical strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. The root and stem bark extracts were more active than extracts of the leaves. [124]
C. micranthum (leaf)
Ethanol extracts
Active at 1 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) and at 5 mg/mL against C. albicans (IZ from 8 to 11 mm). MIC 0.5 mg/mL of an ethanol extract of the leaves against S. aureus. [84]
C. micranthum (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC 310 µg/mL (Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides). [125]
C. micranthum (stem bark)
A 70% EtOH extract and its solvent partition fractions; n-hexane, chloroform, and aqueous
70% EtOH extract and aqueous fraction: MIC 230 µg/mL (E.coli), MIC 470 µg/mL (P. aeruginosa), and MIC 940 µg/mL (S. aureus).
n-hexane fraction: MIC 7.5 mg/mL (S. aureus, E. coli), and 15 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa).
chloroform fraction: MIC 1880 µg/mL (S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli).
[126]
C. microphyllum Klotzsch(leaf)
Acetone, methanol, DCM, and hexane extracts
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans) [108]
C. microphyllum (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.4 mg/mL (S. aureus), 0.8 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.8 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. microphyllum (leaf)
Methanol extracts
3.9 mg/mL (A. niger), 1.008 mg/mL (C. albicans), and 0.494 mg/mL (R. stolonifer). [29]
C. microphyllum (leaf)
Acetone and 1% aqueous sodium bicarbonate, hexane, ethyl ether, methylene dichloride, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water.
MIC against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and
E. faecalis varied from 0.08 to 1.20 mg/mL for the different extracts, with hexane providing the lowest MIC of 0.08 mg/mL against E. faecalis. The water extract was not as active as the other extracts (MIC 1.20 mg/mL).
[127]
C. moggii Excell (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans). [108]
C. moggii (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli), and 1.6 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. molle R. Br. ex. G. Don. (stem bark)
Acetone extracts
MIC 0.050 mg/mL (Shigella spp., E. coli) [43]
C. molle (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC 0.625 mg/mL (E. coli) [118]
C. molle (leaf)
Ethyl acetate and acetone extracts
MIC 0.04 mg/mL (Fusarium spp.) [19]
C. molle (leaf)
Ethyl alcohol:H2O (50:50)
MIC 0.25 mg/mL (Microsporum, Trichophyton) [46]
C. molle (leaf)
Acetone, methanol, DCM and hexane
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans) [108]
C. molle (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC 0.160 mg/mL (Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides) [125]
C. molle (leaf)
Methanol extracts
IZD 0–30 mm. Best results: 30 mm against Micrococcus luteus, 25 mm against Enterobacter aerogenes, and 25 mm against Sarcina sp. [36]
C. molle (root)
Methanol extracts
MIC 1.00 mg/mL (S. aureus)
A decoction was inactive.
[128]
C. molle (stem bark)
Ethanol extracts
MIC 0.250 mg/mL (B. cereus) [129]
C. molle (stem bark)
Acetone extracts
MIC 1.000 mg/mL (M. tuberculosis) [111]
C. molle (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC 0.040 mg/mL against Penicillium janthinellum. [130]
C. molle (root)
Methanol extracts
Antifungal against all Candida spp. used in the screening and Cryptococcus neoformans. Best activity against C. glabrata (IZD 25.8 mm) [17]
C. mossambicense (Klotzsch) (leaf)
Methanol and hexane extracts
Active against yeasts, dimorphic fungi and moulds at MIC values between 0.02 and 2.5 mg/mL.
Lowest MIC values: 0.04 mg/mL of a methanol extract (C. albicans); 0.02 mg/mL of acetone, dichloromethane and hexane extracts (M. canis); and 0.02 mg/mL of a hexane extract (C. neoformans).
[108]
C. mossambicense (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 0.800 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus), 1.600 mg/mL (E. coli), and 0.400 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. nelsonii Duemmer (Angustimarginata Engl. & Diels) syn. C. kraussii Hochst (leaf)
Hexane extracts
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans) [108]
C. nelsonii (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values between 0.02 and 0.16 mg/mL against C. albicans, C. neoformans, M. canis, S. schenckii and A. fumigatus. [83]
C. nelsonii (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values of 3.0 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa), 0.8 mg/mL (S. aureus), 1.6 mg/mL (E. coli) and 6.0 mg/mL (E. faecalis). [107]
C. nigricans Lepr. (leaf)
Ethyl alcohol–water
(50:50, v/v)
MIC values between 1 and >4 mg/mL against C. albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. [46]
C. nigricans (entire root)
Ethyl alcohol–water
(50:50, v/v)
MIC between 0.25 and >4 mg/mL against C. albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. [46]
C. padoides Eng. & Diels (leaf)
DCM and acetone extracts
MIC 0.32 mg/mL (C. albicans, C. neoformans) [108]
C. padoides (leaf)
70% Acetone in acidified water (crude), water, hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions
MIC between 0.019 and 2.5 mg/mL against C. albicans, C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa.
MIC values of various extracts:
Crude extract (70% acetone): 0.039 mg/mL (C. neoformans)
Hexane fraction: 0.019 mg/mL (E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus)
Ethyl acetate fraction: 0.019 mg/mL (C. neoformans)
Butanol fraction: 0.019 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa)
[117]
C. padoides (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 0.800 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and E. faecalis), and 6.000 mg/mL (S. aureus). [107]
C. padoides (root)
Methanol extracts
Antifungal against all Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. Best result against C. glabrata; IZD 29.1 mm
MIC 6.25 mg/mL (C. glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans)
[17]
C. padoides (stem bark)
Crude methanol extract and a butanol fraction resulting from solvent partition of the MeOH extract
Lowest MIC: 1250 µg/mL of a methanol extract
MIC of a butanol fraction: 2.5 mg/mL
Test bacterium: Mycobacterium smegmatis
[23]
C. padoides (stem bark, root)
Methanol
IZD range: 0–32 mm
Best results: IZD 32 mm against Enterobacter aerogenes and 31 mm against S. aureus. Not active against E. coli.
[36]
C. paniculatum Vent. (leaf)
Acetone, methanol, DCM and hexane extracts
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. neoformans) [108]
C. paniculatum (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 1.6 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecalis), 0.8 mg/mL (E. coli). [107]
C. paniculatum (root)
Methanol, water extracts
MIC values: 2.77 mg/mL (S. epidermidis), 1.85 mg/mL (S. aureus), and 14.44 mg/mL (S. epidermidis, S. aureus). [128]
C. pentagonum Laws. (fruit)
Methanol extracts
MIC 3.44 mg/mL, IZD = 21 mm, (B. subtilis)MIC 6.87 mg/mL, IZD = 23 mm, (S. aureus) [74]
C. pentagonum (bark)
Water extracts
MIC 4.86 mg/mL, IZD = 18 mm, (B. subtilis) [74]
C. petrophilum Retief. (leaf)
Acetone, methanol, DCM, and hexane
MIC 0.02 mg/mL: acetone and methanol extracts against C. albicans and M. canis; acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts against C. neoformans. [108]
C. petrophilum (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.50– >3.00 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae [109]
C. psidioides Welw. (stem bark and fruit)
Methanol extracts
IZD 16.0–24.6 mm against C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans [17]
C. psidioides (leaf)
Methanol extracts
IZD between 17–30 mm (diameter of hole: 12 mm) against S. aureus, E. aerogenes, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, and C. albicans [36]
C. psidioides (stem bark)
Methanol extract and its n-butanol and chloroform fractions resulting from solvent partition
IZD range: 14–29.00 mm, with the crude methanol extract being the most active (IZD 29 mm).
Lowest MIC: 625 µg/mL of a methanol extract.
MIC 2500 µg/mL for the n-butanol and chloroform fractions.
Test bacterium: M. smegmatis
[23]
C. woodii Duemmer (leaf)
Hexane, DCM, methanol extracts
MIC values: 0.08 mg/mL (C. albicans and C. neoformans) and 0.02 mg/mL (Microsporum canis). [108]
C. woodii (leaf)
Crude water and methanol extracts
MIC values: 0.078 mg/mL (C. neoformans), 1.250 mg/mL (C. albicans), 0.156 mg/mL (E. faecalis), 0.625 mg/mL (E. coli, P. aeruginosa), and 0.312 mg/mL (S. aureus). [117]
C. woodii (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.50–3.00 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. [109]
C. zeyheri Sond. (leaf)
Methanol extracts
MIC range: 0.25–3.00 mg/mL against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae. [109]
C. zeyheri (entire plant) Active at 0.03 mg/mL against C. albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Screening with bioautography. [131]
C. zeyheri (leaf)
Water and methanol extracts
MIC 6 mg/mL against E. coli and B. subtilis. [132]
C. zeyheri (leaf)
Acetone and methanol extracts
MIC 0.02 mg/mL (C. albicans)
MIC 0.08 mg/mL (C. neoformans)
[108]
C. zeyheri (leaf)
Acetone extracts
MIC values: 0.80 mg/mL (P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) and 1.60 mg/mL (E. coli, E. faecalis). [107]
C. zeyheri (stem bark, fruits, root)
Methanol extracts
IZD between 0–33 mm. Micrococcus luteus: IZD was 33 mm for a stem bark methanol extract. [36]

Abbreviations: IZD—inhibition zone diameter; IZ—inhibition zone; MIC—minimum inhibitory concentration, DCM—dichloromethane; MeOH—methanol, EtOH—ethanol; CHCl3—chloroform.