Table 1.

Synthetic drugs that were recently used to maintain redox homeostasis via autophagy-mediated signaling in several cancer cells.

Synthetic Drug	Model	Redox Mechanism	Autophagy Modulation	Reference
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), bafilomycin A (BafA), 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and chloroquine	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Modulating redox status and nucleotide metabolism	Inhibition	[71]
KS10076	Cancer stem cells	Induces ROS-mediated STAT3 degradation	Induction	[72]
FK866	Pancreatic Cancer Cells	Decreasing oxidized (NAD+) to reduced (NADH) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ratio	Autophagy-mediated cell death	[74]
Doxorubicin	Tumor cells	Apoptosis/ferroptosis pathway	Impaired autophagy	[75]
Nicotinamide	Triple-negative breast cancer	Mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS activation	Autophagy modulation	[76]
Metformin	Ultraviolet (UVA)-exposed mice	Elevated oxidative stress	Enhanced autophagic flux	[73]
Diclofenac (DCF)	Cisplatin-resistant signet ring cell gastric carcinoma cells (KATO/DDP)	Reduction in antioxidant enzyme expression while inhibiting Nrf2 activity	Activation	[77]
Rapamycin	MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells	Inhibition of HIF-1α-mediated autophagy	Enhanced autophagy	[79]
Everolimus (RAD001)	Human gastric cancer cells (MGC-803)	Phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR	Autophagy induction	[78]