Table 1.
Effect of exercise on hypothalamic inflammation and dysfunction in rodent models of obesity.
| Study | Model | Type of Exercise/Frequency/ Intensity |
Effect on Hypothalamus | Metabolic Changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| De Almeira Rodriguez et al. [53] | HFD mice | Swimming; one session two bouts of 3-h each |
↓ ER stress (TRB3) ↑ Foxo-1 |
↑ Central anorectic effect of insulin |
| Calais Gaspar et al. [52] | Leptin-stimulated HFD mice | Running; one session; three bouts of 45 min each at 60% of the exhaustion velocity |
↓ ER stress (TRB3) ↑ Insulin signalling (AKT, Foxo1) |
↓ Food intake |
| Ropelle et al. [55] | HFD rodents | Swimming; four weeks, 60 min/day, five times/week, overload of 2.0% of the body weight Running; one session; 60 min, 10–15 m/min at a 5% inclination |
↓ IKKβ, IKβα, TLR-4 ↑ Leptin signalling (JAK2/STA3) ↑ Insulin signalling (IRS1) ↑ Insulin signalling (IRS1) |
↓ Food intake |
| Marinho et al. [59] | HFD mice | Runnning; eight weeks, 60 min, five times/week, at 60% max workload | ↓ TRL-4, IKBα, TNFα, SOCS3 ↓ ER stress (PERK) ↑ Leptin signalling (JAK2/STAT3) ↑ Apoptosis (PARP1) ↑ IL-10 and Bcl2 ↑ POMC mRNA |
N/A |
| Yi et al. [54] | LDL-receptor−/− HFD mice | Runnning; six months; 30 min, 5 m/min, five times/week, 10% inclination | ↓ Microgliosis | ↑ Glucose tolerance ↓ Insulinemia |
| Laing et al. [50] | HFD mice | Voluntary running; three months; | ↓ POMC apoptosis ↑ POMC proliferation ↑ Leptin sensitivity |
↓ Weight gain ↑ Glucose tolerance ↑ Insulin sensitivity |
| Krawczewski Carhuatanta et al. [58] | HFD mice | Voluntary runnning; six weeks; | ↑ Fos B immunoreactivity ↑ Leptin sensitivity (upon leptin infusion) |
↓ Food intake |
| Silva et al. [57] | HFD mice | Swimming; 20 days, five days/week | ↓ IKβα, TGF1 | ↓ Food intake |
| Wang et al. [56] | HFD Apo E−/− mice | Swimming; 8 weeks, five times/day | ↓ Microgliosis ↓ IL-1β, TNFα, NF-kβ |
↓ Dyslipidemia |
↑ Increase. ↓ Reduction. AKT, protein kinase B; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FFAs, free fatty acids; Foxo-1, forkhead box protein O1; IκBα, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor; IKKβ, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase; IL, interleukin; IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1; JAK2, Janus kinase 2; NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PARP1, Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1); SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TGF1, transforming growth factor-1; TLR-4; TLR-4, toll-like receptor-4; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α; TRB3, Tribbles (TRB) 3.