| sSMC | small supernumerary marker chromosome |
| NOR | nucleolar organizer region |
| FISH | fluorescence in situ hybridization |
| EMA | Elephas maximus |
| LAF | Loxodonta africana |
| DOP-PCR | degenerate oligonucleotide primed polymerase chain reaction |
| BRU | basic repeat unit |
| PNA | peptide nucleic acid |