Figure 3.

Mechanisms of oxidative stress in the brain. (A): Schematic representation of all damaging molecular mechanisms involved in ROS-mediated insult in neurodegenerative diseases. (B): Oxidative stress causes mitochondrial damage and ROS release, damaging neurons and leading to neuronal dysfunctions and cognitive decline by: (1) inducing microglia activation leading to neuroinflammation; (2) impairing ATP release, leading to caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways; (3) increasing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) accumulation caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau thought decreased PP2A activity and increased GSK3β; (4) facilitating misfolding protein aggregation as Ab accumulation.